Knowledge

Question 1

Hippocrates - lived pre-medieval but still believed

Answer 1

‘Father of medicine’
From Ancient Greece
New doctors still take the ‘Hippocratic Oath’
Came up with the ideas of the four humours (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm’

Question 2

Galen - pre-medieval/Middle Ages

Answer 2

Ancient Rome
Dissected animals
Theory of opposites e.g. treat fever with something cold
Came to Western Europe via Islamic texts
Church agreed as it fitted with Christian idea
Translations in Salerno

Question 3

Medieval knowledge

Answer 3

Continued to believe in four humours and theory of opposites (nobody could prove them wrong)
Alchemists tried to turn metals to gold, elixir of life
Star signs affected inner workings (full moon = agitated humours)
Church wanted praying for forgiveness, indulgences, sacrifice, pilgrimage
Set up schools of medicine to treat what the church allowed

Question 4

Early modern progress

Answer 4

Surgeons dissected human bodies, microscopes started to prove Galen wrong
Printing press in 1476 allowed spreading of ideas

Question 5

Vesalius early modern

Answer 5

Professor of surgery and anatomy at Padua
1543- published “fabrics of the human body”- challenged Galen
Dissected humans, more accurate than Galen but church refused

Question 6

Ambroise pare (early modern)

Answer 6

1510-90
Siege of Milan- ran out of oil for cauterising so made a mixture of egg yolk, turpentine, rose oil - better, less painful
Used ligatures to tie off wounds, artificial limbs

Question 7

William Harvey (early modern)

Answer 7

Discovered the circulation of blood by slower pump of cold-blooded animals
Questions Galen as the heart is the centre of the body
1628- on the motion of the heart, challenged the idea of too much blood/ four humours

Question 8

Pasteur (19th century)

Answer 8

Discovered the link between germs and disease in 1860s
Bacteria caused disease
Vaccines for specific diseases (rabies in 1880)

Question 9

Robert Koch (19th century)

Answer 9

German scientist, developed Pasteur’s ideas
Specific bacteria cause specific diseases
Antibodies
Bacteria for: tuberculosis, typhoid, pneumonia, tetanus, whooping cough
Techniques to stain bacteria
Nobel prize in 1905

Question 10

Ehrlich (20th century)

Answer 10

Treatment for syphillis cslled ‘Salvarsan 606’ - the 606th drug he tried
Called a “magic bullet” as it only targeted the disease and not the whole body

Question 11

X-ray / ultrasound (20th century)

Answer 11

X-rays discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen to photograph x-rays, initial doses of radiation led to side-effects
WW1- units to check for bullets
Ultrasound- WW2 sound waves for German submarines
Realised after war it could be used on the human body, no danger of radiation

Question 12

MRI/PET/CT (20th century)

Answer 12

MRI- uses radio waves to build up a detailed picture of organs and tissues
PET insects a radioactive tracer for 3D images of tissue and bones- cancer and heart problems
CT uses x-ray images at different angles to produce a cross-section of the body

Question 13

DNA and genetic research (20th century)

Answer 13

1953- crick, Watson and Franklin published a paper to explain the structure of DNA
1990- human genome project to make a full blueprint of human genetics
1996- cloned dolly the sheep by copyright my cells to grow human medicines in sheep milk
Modifying DNA lets us eliminate some genetic diseases