Kingdom Fungi

Question 1

What is a saprophyte?

Answer 1

Feeds on dead organic matter, digesting externally causing decay and lives in damp environment. Made of hyphae and have a chittin cell wall

Question 2

Draw the filamentius fungus (hyphae)

Answer 2

.

Question 3

Explain budding

Answer 3

Reproduction of yeast

1. Yeast reaches maturity
2. An outgrowth appears on the cell surface
3. Outgrowth continues to grow until it eventually reaches full size
4. Nucleus moves to the intersection between the yeast and the bud. It duplicates
5. 2 nuclei result
6. Bud is cut off as an independent yeast, clone is slightly smaller. Fast process

Question 4

What is the control experiment for bread making ?

Answer 4

Mixing warm water and flour

1. Flour is made of starch. Starch is then digested to glucose
2. Anaerobic respiration. Yeast enzymes are known as ZYMASE
3. alcohol fermentation occurs
   - co2 produced and makes dough rise
   - when dough baked, co2 has expands, giving bread its light texture
   - when dough is baked, yeast is killed. Alcohol evaporates with heat.

Question 5

Explain the use of yeast in beer making.

Answer 5

Using hops, yeast, warm water, barley

1. Barley seeds soaked in water for 3 days. Germination of seeds will start(Barley is rich in starch = maltose. Maltose dissolved in water= malt
2. Filtering results. Extraction of malt occurs. Remaining barley seeds given to farm animals
3. Yeast added to maltose and water (alcohol fermentation occurs for 15 days)
4. Hops are added to give beer it’s characteristic bitter flavour
5. Beer is passed through a number of filters to get final product
6. Beer is sealed under pressure in order to trap the co2 and so as to prevent bacteria from entering

Question 6

Explain the use of yeast in wine making

Answer 6

1. Sweet fresh fruit (grapes etc)
2. Fruits crushed & put into containers, yeast will ferment the fructose into alcohol. Later, seeds and peel will be separated by filtration from the fruit
3. Sometimes, extra yeast and sugar are added to aid fermentation but the quality of the wine will be inferior
4. Fermentation is allowed to take lace in a cold environment for a longer time
5. Fermentation takes place in containers fitted with an air trap. A lot
   Of co2 produced will escape, otherwise, pressure will build up and the bottle might explode. Air trap also prevents bacteria from entering. If oxygen enters, vinegar is produced

Question 7

Explain the economic Importsnce of yeast

Answer 7

1. Rich in vitamin B complex
2. Can be pathogenic
3. Damages crops
4. Some fungi
5. Can produce medicine
6. Can cause diseases