Kinesiology And Myopathology Flashcards
What are the Limitations of movement
Range of motion- muscles move the skeleton by flexing and extending the diathrotic joints. Each joint has a set of muscles (antagonistic and syngeristic) that are designed to provide the full range of motion for that joint
Muscles can only do work by contracting along their axis. During contraction, one end of the mailed is held fixed (origin) and the other end moves (insertion )
Muscles can only contract about 10-15% of their total length. The tendons and their insertions so don’t contract, so muscles use leverage to increase their range of motion
Antagonistic and synergistic groups
When muscles must go through long distance kf contraction they are set with other muscles synergistically
Muscles can only do work by contracting and are must be paired up in antagonistic groups in order to function
Leverage
Work is defined as a force through a distance it is represented mathematically as W=fd
Levers are simple machines that can convert force into distance or distance into force. For examples, you can apply 10 pounds of force through a distance of 10 feet, producing 100 pounds of force through 1 foot alps producing 100 foot pounds of work
A lever is composted off the lever and it’s fulcrum and is defined by class 1 or 2.
Class 1 vs class 2 lever
Class one - arrangement of the elements is load fulcrum effort.
Class 2 - arrangement of the elements is fulcrum load effort
Class 3- arrangement of the elements is load effort fulcrum
Myopathology
The normal condition of muscle is a state of partial contraction called tonus. Eutonia is the health state
Hyptonia- if a muscle is only minimally contacted is is called hyptonia
Paralysis- muscles in state of paralysis are said to be atonia (no tonus)
Muscles with poor tonus are usually asthenjc weak
Pathologies of contraction
Fibrillation tremor - muscle that can’t sustain a contraction will manifest this tremor. A fatiguing muscle will go through this state before failing. Nerve damage can also result in this pathology
Spasm and cramp - when nerve signals to the muscle are rapid but the muscle has difficulty respond (electrolyte imblance, fatigue, lactic acid toxicity) muscles freeze, causing severe pain
Flaccid paralysis - if a muscle loses its nerve supple it will no longer be able to contact Eve though the muscle is healthy and the muscle appears limp
Spastic paralysis - muscles can also lock themselves in place neither relaxing not contracting at
Abnormal muscle growth
List them
Hypertrophic - significant enlargement of the muscle, beyond what is considered the normal range - can limit range of motion ( muscle bound) or can reflect difficultly in muscle contraction (pseudohypertrophy)
Atrophy - muscles losses mass and strength. This can be from poor diet or lack of exercise. Unused muscles naturally atrophy
Dystrophy - abnormal muscle development, usually associated with pathological condition, such as gentetjc disorder muscular dystrophy
Musclular dystrophy
Most common dis sex linked recessive gene called Duchenne MD (dmd) most common in males
Poor prognosis, gradual degeneration of muscle tissue from 2-12 , with shortened life time
Dystrophin fails to link myofibrils to sarcolemma , resulting in rupturing cells and cell death
Myasthenia Travis
Most common in women are 20-40
Autoimmune disease attaching Ach receptors at NMJ, mauj Fatima you did muscle more didficult
Early symptoms are prose and strabismus. Other muscles are gradually affected sometimes leading to death
