Kin Module 5 Flashcards
Why do tissues adapt? (3)
- Due to a Stressor - a stimulus/event that causes stress to an organism
- To create a Response - triggered by stress from cellular level to tissue level to system level
- Response is to allow organism to ‘successfully’ adapt to the stressor
(either to improve performance or enhance survivability)
Physical Activity
body movement produced by muscle action that increases energy expenditure
Exercise
planned, structured, systematic, purposeful physical activity (energy expenditure)
How can physical activity be characterized
with energy expenditure measured in kilocalories (kcals)
Basal metabolic rate
- minimal rate of energy expenditure of a person at rest and awake.
- energy used to maintain body function
- calculated after the digestive system has been inactive for 12 hours
Resting metabolic
- Rate to maintain life and vital functions but person is awake and not fasting
- Approximatley 5% higher than BMR
Difference between basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate
BMR calculated after the digestive system has been inactive for 12 hours (takes energy to digest food)
Total daily energy expenditure and what makes up of it (3)
- total energy used in a day (24 hours) to keep the body alive
- Basal Metabolic rate (60%)
- Physical activity : NEAT/NEPA exercise (30%)
- Thermic effect of feeding (10%)
NEAT and NEPA acronym
NEAT: non exercise activity thermogenesis
NEPA: non exercise physical activity
how total daily energy expenditure different between trained and untrained individuals
bmr in active is higher than untrained individuals
What happens to TDEE as we age
declines; skeletal muscle atrophy , muscle is a big factor in determining bmr and tdee
How to determine Metabolic equivalent (MET) and its purpose
the ratio of the current metabolic rate to resting metabolic rate
(current/resting) = typically 1
- to get the idea of the energy expenditure associated with a task
1 MET = 1 kcal/kg/hour
How is basal metabolic rate measured? (2) and the gold standard
- indirect calorimetry: measure oxygen consumption to determine energy expenditure
- direct calorimetry (gold standard): measures heat the body produces to calculate energy expenditure
What does the MIfflin St. Jeor Equation measure and what units does it include?
measures basal metabolic rate using weight, height, age
Gold standard for measuring Total daily energy expenditure
Doubly labelled water , water with stable isotopes that will be traced when consumed
TDEE calculator
finding bmr of an individual and multiply it by an activity factor to determine total daily energy expenditure , has its limitations because its all estimations ( a predictive equation)
Purpose of wearable sensors
useful in collecting data to estimate energy expenditure based on daily movement
1 L of O2/min is equivalent to…………………..???.
5 kcal /min
Plasticity in terms of tissues
the ability of cells/tissues/organisms to change
What factors provide a certain capacity for adaptation of cells/tissues/organisms (3)
- Genetics
- Inherent plasticity of biological tissues
- Current training status of the individual
Hypertrophy
cell increase in size or cross sectional area (ex. skeletal muscle)
Hyperplasia
increase in number of cells (ex. skin cells)
Adaption of muscle cell size can be associated with what (2)
- Change in myofibril diameter
- Change in # of myofibrils
Satellite cells in skeletal muscle
- needed for muscle repair, regeneration and hypertrophic growth
- found around muscle cells
