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Term 1 > Kin Module 4 > Flashcards

Kin Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What two organs describes cardiovascular

A
  1. cardiac heart
  2. Vascular (blood vessels)
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2
Q

What two organs describe cardiorespiratory/cardiopulmonary

A
  1. Cardiac heart
  2. Pulmonary lungs
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3
Q

What makes up the chambers in the heart (2)

A
  1. Right atrium, ventricle
  2. Left atrium, ventricle
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4
Q

Purpose of valves in the heart

A

ensure uni-directional flow of blood by opening and closing

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5
Q

2 input vessels of the heart

A
  1. vena cava
  2. pulmonary vein
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6
Q

2 Output vessels

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Pulmonary artery (travels from right ventricle into lungs)
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7
Q

Type of muscle of the heart

A

cardiac muscle (myocardium)

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8
Q

Consequences of contraction of the heart?

A

Imparts energy to the blood in the form of pressure which causes blood to flow

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9
Q

Word to describe the Contraction and Retraction of the heart

A
  • contraction: systole
  • retraction: diastole
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10
Q

Key function of Aorta

A

Pulse dampening and distribution

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11
Q

Large arteries

A

distribution

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12
Q

Arterioles

A

Resistance (pressure/flow regulation)

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13
Q

How does Arterioles regulate blood flow,2 mechanisms

A
  1. Vasoconstriction: when smooth muscle cells contract to make the lumen smaller , theres resistance to blood flow
  2. Vasodilation: when smooth muscle cells relax to make the lumen larger, theres a decrease in resistance of blood flow
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14
Q

Role of blood

A
  • carry oxygen + pther vital nutrients
  • remove wastes
  • immune response
  • clotting
  • temperature regulation
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15
Q

The lungs: what does the conducting zone consist of

A
  • nasal/oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles

direct and distribute the air that we breathe in

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16
Q

The lungs: what does the respiratory zone consist of

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli

This is where gas exchange occurs

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17
Q

Movement of air, what is the end goal

A

to move air down to alveoli, where gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide can occur

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18
Q

alveoli

A
  • small structures that are wrapped around by capillaries, found on lungs
  • where gas exchange occurs
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19
Q

Ventilation: what is this process and what organs are involved

A
  • MECHANICAL action, movement of air in and out of lungs
  • “ventilators” help get air into the lungs
  • through contraction of skeletal muscles in thorax
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20
Q

Respiration

A
  • diffusion and exchange of gas between the alveoli and capillaries
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21
Q

Describe ventilation (inhalation/exhalation) at rest

A
  • inhalation: diaphragm pushes down, external intercostals
  • exhalation: passive movement where diaphragm relaxes, pressure in thorax rises to force air out of the lungs
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22
Q

Role of thorax during ventilation

A
  • where heart and lungs are
  • expands when diaphragm contracts
  • when pressure rises in the thorax the air will be forced out of the lungs
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23
Q

Describe ventilation (inhalation/exhalation) during exercise

A
  • inhalation: diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles
  • exhalation: active - abdominals, internal intercostals
24
Q

3 ways to measure heart rate and its gold standard

A
  1. Manual (palpation) : bpm
  2. Electrical (biopotentials): can use ECG (bc of membrane potentials in heart cells) (GOLD STANDARD)
  3. Optical sensors: smart watches
25
Q

What is ECG

A
  • Biopotentials from electrical activation of the heart
  • Highly synchronized activation
  • ECG also used for diagnostic purposes
26
Q

Describe the three waves in an ECG

A
  • P wave: represents depolarization of the atria
  • QRS complex: represents ventricular depolarization
  • T wave: repolarization of the ventricles
  • atrial repolarization is masked by the QRS complex
27
Q

When do electrical events occur in an ECG

A

occurs before the mechanical events, electrical events are the trigger for mechanical events

28
Q

Overall function of Photoplethysmography (PPG) and its pros/cons

A
  • utilizes an infrared LED or green LED light source
  • a photodetector measures the amount of reflected light
  • pros: relatively affordable
  • cons: movement
  • have accelerometers to determine heart rate
29
Q

What does photoplethysmography measure

A
  • changes in blood volume in the microvasculature (arterioles and capillaries)
  • contraction/relaxation of heart creates a pulse/ change in blood volume which alters the amount of light reflected
  • will be produced as a waveform in software
30
Q

Describe cardiovacular function during systolic blood pressure

A

blood exerts pressure against walls of large arteries during systole
- left ventricular contraction

31
Q

Describe cardiovascular function during diastolic blood pressure

A

blood exerts pressure against walls of large arteries during diastole
- left ventricular relaxation

32
Q

Purpose of Oxygen consumption/ Oxygen uptake/ VO2

A

refers to the ability to bring air into lungs and transport oxygen from the atmosphere throughout body and utilize oxygen in the processes that produces ATP

33
Q

absolute and relative units to measure oxygen uptake/consumption

A

Absolute: L/min or mL/min
Relative: mL/kg/min (allow to compare between people)

34
Q

What is the Fick equation

A

determinant of VO2 : measures oxygen consumption using cardiac output and arterial-venous oxygen difference

VO2 = HR x SV X (a-v)O2

35
Q

Equation to determine cardiac output

A

CO = HR x SV

36
Q

What is cardiac output

A
  • The volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle per minute
  • units: L/min
37
Q

Describe Heart Rate (HR) and describe a healthy range for untrained people

A
  • The number of heartbeats per unit time
  • units: beats/min
  • 60-100 bpm
38
Q

What is stroke volume and a typical range for a 70kg male

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left and right ventricle with each heartbeat
- units: L/beat or mL/beat
- 70-80 mL/ beat

39
Q

Arterial-venous oxygen difference in the fick equation and how is it calculated in the fick equation

A

measure of oxygen extraction from the body by all tissues/organs in the body (for other bodily processes)
- calculated by subtracting the venous oxygen content from the arterial oxygen

  • units: mL O2/100 mL
40
Q

What is VO2 max

A

maximum oxygen consumption per unit time

41
Q

Gold standard measure of cardiovascular fitness/aerobic power

A

Maximum oxygen consumption

42
Q

Describe the relationship between age and VO2 max

A

inverse relationship

43
Q

Can individuals prevent the decline of their vo2 max

A

no, but it can be improved and shifted to the max. ends

44
Q

Bioenergetics and what is central to it

A

The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms
- ATP is central/critical to do cellular work

45
Q

3 proteins that make up the majority of ATP demand in muscle cell membrane and purpose of each

A
  1. Na+K+ ATPase (move ions in/out of cell)
  2. Myosin ATPase (need NRG from ATP hydrolysis to shorten sarcomeres)
  3. Ca2+ ATPase (move calcium around)
46
Q

3 main pathways to supply ATP

A
  1. Oxidative phosphorylation
  2. Anaerobic glycolysis
  3. High Energy Phosphate Transfer System (HEPT)
47
Q

How does Oxidative phosphorylation supply ATP

A

from the transfer of electrons where oxygen is also being consumed . related to VO2 max

48
Q

How does anaerobic glycolysis supply ATP

A

from conversion of glucose to pyruvate , pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA or lactate, oxygen is not required

49
Q

How does High energy phosphate transfer system (HEPT) supply energy

A

uses stored ATP by relying on phosphocreatine and other reactions to produce atp

50
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

in th cytoplasm

51
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur

A

along the membrane of the mitochondria

52
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur

A

in mitochondrial matrix

53
Q

byproduct of metabolism

A

heat (produced during ATP synthesis)

54
Q

What does the Progressive Exercise Test involve and what is its purpose ?

A

exercise intensity increases overtime at predefined time intervals , used to determine someone’s VO2 max

55
Q

How does absolute VO2 max and stroke volume compare between a average person vs a elite athlete , why?

A

VO2 max and stroke volume of elite athlete is greater , a trained heart will grow (left ventricle dilates)

56
Q

What is not an adaptation seen in endurance athletes

A

Increased HR max

57
Q

What is the more straightforward equation used to measure VO2 max

A

VO2 = (volume inspired * %O2) - (volume expired * %O2)

Term 1 (21 decks)

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