Kin Module 4 Flashcards
What two organs describes cardiovascular
- cardiac heart
- Vascular (blood vessels)
What two organs describe cardiorespiratory/cardiopulmonary
- Cardiac heart
- Pulmonary lungs
What makes up the chambers in the heart (2)
- Right atrium, ventricle
- Left atrium, ventricle
Purpose of valves in the heart
ensure uni-directional flow of blood by opening and closing
2 input vessels of the heart
- vena cava
- pulmonary vein
2 Output vessels
- Aorta
- Pulmonary artery (travels from right ventricle into lungs)
Type of muscle of the heart
cardiac muscle (myocardium)
Consequences of contraction of the heart?
Imparts energy to the blood in the form of pressure which causes blood to flow
Word to describe the Contraction and Retraction of the heart
- contraction: systole
- retraction: diastole
Key function of Aorta
Pulse dampening and distribution
Large arteries
distribution
Arterioles
Resistance (pressure/flow regulation)
How does Arterioles regulate blood flow,2 mechanisms
- Vasoconstriction: when smooth muscle cells contract to make the lumen smaller , theres resistance to blood flow
- Vasodilation: when smooth muscle cells relax to make the lumen larger, theres a decrease in resistance of blood flow
Role of blood
- carry oxygen + pther vital nutrients
- remove wastes
- immune response
- clotting
- temperature regulation
The lungs: what does the conducting zone consist of
- nasal/oral cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
direct and distribute the air that we breathe in
The lungs: what does the respiratory zone consist of
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveoli
This is where gas exchange occurs
Movement of air, what is the end goal
to move air down to alveoli, where gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide can occur
alveoli
- small structures that are wrapped around by capillaries, found on lungs
- where gas exchange occurs
Ventilation: what is this process and what organs are involved
- MECHANICAL action, movement of air in and out of lungs
- “ventilators” help get air into the lungs
- through contraction of skeletal muscles in thorax
Respiration
- diffusion and exchange of gas between the alveoli and capillaries
Describe ventilation (inhalation/exhalation) at rest
- inhalation: diaphragm pushes down, external intercostals
- exhalation: passive movement where diaphragm relaxes, pressure in thorax rises to force air out of the lungs
Role of thorax during ventilation
- where heart and lungs are
- expands when diaphragm contracts
- when pressure rises in the thorax the air will be forced out of the lungs
Describe ventilation (inhalation/exhalation) during exercise
- inhalation: diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles
- exhalation: active - abdominals, internal intercostals
3 ways to measure heart rate and its gold standard
- Manual (palpation) : bpm
- Electrical (biopotentials): can use ECG (bc of membrane potentials in heart cells) (GOLD STANDARD)
- Optical sensors: smart watches
What is ECG
- Biopotentials from electrical activation of the heart
- Highly synchronized activation
- ECG also used for diagnostic purposes
Describe the three waves in an ECG
- P wave: represents depolarization of the atria
- QRS complex: represents ventricular depolarization
- T wave: repolarization of the ventricles
- atrial repolarization is masked by the QRS complex
When do electrical events occur in an ECG
occurs before the mechanical events, electrical events are the trigger for mechanical events
Overall function of Photoplethysmography (PPG) and its pros/cons
- utilizes an infrared LED or green LED light source
- a photodetector measures the amount of reflected light
- pros: relatively affordable
- cons: movement
- have accelerometers to determine heart rate
What does photoplethysmography measure
- changes in blood volume in the microvasculature (arterioles and capillaries)
- contraction/relaxation of heart creates a pulse/ change in blood volume which alters the amount of light reflected
- will be produced as a waveform in software
Describe cardiovacular function during systolic blood pressure
blood exerts pressure against walls of large arteries during systole
- left ventricular contraction
Describe cardiovascular function during diastolic blood pressure
blood exerts pressure against walls of large arteries during diastole
- left ventricular relaxation
Purpose of Oxygen consumption/ Oxygen uptake/ VO2
refers to the ability to bring air into lungs and transport oxygen from the atmosphere throughout body and utilize oxygen in the processes that produces ATP
absolute and relative units to measure oxygen uptake/consumption
Absolute: L/min or mL/min
Relative: mL/kg/min (allow to compare between people)
What is the Fick equation
determinant of VO2 : measures oxygen consumption using cardiac output and arterial-venous oxygen difference
VO2 = HR x SV X (a-v)O2
Equation to determine cardiac output
CO = HR x SV
What is cardiac output
- The volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle per minute
- units: L/min
Describe Heart Rate (HR) and describe a healthy range for untrained people
- The number of heartbeats per unit time
- units: beats/min
- 60-100 bpm
What is stroke volume and a typical range for a 70kg male
The volume of blood ejected from the left and right ventricle with each heartbeat
- units: L/beat or mL/beat
- 70-80 mL/ beat
Arterial-venous oxygen difference in the fick equation and how is it calculated in the fick equation
measure of oxygen extraction from the body by all tissues/organs in the body (for other bodily processes)
- calculated by subtracting the venous oxygen content from the arterial oxygen
- units: mL O2/100 mL
What is VO2 max
maximum oxygen consumption per unit time
Gold standard measure of cardiovascular fitness/aerobic power
Maximum oxygen consumption
Describe the relationship between age and VO2 max
inverse relationship
Can individuals prevent the decline of their vo2 max
no, but it can be improved and shifted to the max. ends
Bioenergetics and what is central to it
The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms
- ATP is central/critical to do cellular work
3 proteins that make up the majority of ATP demand in muscle cell membrane and purpose of each
- Na+K+ ATPase (move ions in/out of cell)
- Myosin ATPase (need NRG from ATP hydrolysis to shorten sarcomeres)
- Ca2+ ATPase (move calcium around)
3 main pathways to supply ATP
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Anaerobic glycolysis
- High Energy Phosphate Transfer System (HEPT)
How does Oxidative phosphorylation supply ATP
from the transfer of electrons where oxygen is also being consumed . related to VO2 max
How does anaerobic glycolysis supply ATP
from conversion of glucose to pyruvate , pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA or lactate, oxygen is not required
How does High energy phosphate transfer system (HEPT) supply energy
uses stored ATP by relying on phosphocreatine and other reactions to produce atp
Where does glycolysis occur
in th cytoplasm
Where does the electron transport chain occur
along the membrane of the mitochondria
Where does the krebs cycle occur
in mitochondrial matrix
byproduct of metabolism
heat (produced during ATP synthesis)
What does the Progressive Exercise Test involve and what is its purpose ?
exercise intensity increases overtime at predefined time intervals , used to determine someone’s VO2 max
How does absolute VO2 max and stroke volume compare between a average person vs a elite athlete , why?
VO2 max and stroke volume of elite athlete is greater , a trained heart will grow (left ventricle dilates)
What is not an adaptation seen in endurance athletes
Increased HR max
What is the more straightforward equation used to measure VO2 max
VO2 = (volume inspired * %O2) - (volume expired * %O2)
