Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Term 1 > (Kin) End of Module 2 to Module 3 > Flashcards

(Kin) End of Module 2 to Module 3 Flashcards

- Human factor and ergonimcs - Gait cycle - Nervous system

1
Q

Movement Assessment - Why is it important to be excellent observers of human form and movement?

A
  1. Skill development - coaching, training, injury risk reduction
  2. Clinical - retraining, recovery, rehab.
  3. Occupational - task training, injury risk reduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Overall tips for movement assessment

A
  • use correct language
  • line of sight (plane of movement, view perpendicular to the motion)
  • difference between static and dynamic movement
  • focus on one joint in a plane at a time
  • be organized when examining multiple joints (create tables)
  • recording to review, camera position is perpendicular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is human factor/ ergonomics (HFE)?

A

application of theoretical principles, data and methods to workplace design to optimize human well being.

An approach to design/systems/ products that humans can seemingly interact too.

Fitting environment to human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do we need human factor/ergonomics? (2 major effects)

A

Fitting the environment to the human leads to 2 major effects:

  1. Performance enhancement:
    - better user experience
    - shorter time of familiarisation, better fit, fewer mistakes
  2. Well being:
    - physical, social wellbeing
    - motivation, growth, job satisfaction
    - improved performance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a major domain of human factor and ergonomics that starts with an O , details and examples

A

Organizational:
- On a macro level to understand interactions
- how different points of leverage in a system can affect interaction between people
- ex. better resources for nurses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a major domain of human factor and ergonomics that starts with a P, details and examples

A

Physical:
- workplace layout and design to prevent harm/injuries
- ex. maladapated offices causes aches and strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a major domain of human facotr and ergononmics that starts with a C, details and examples

A

Cognitive:
- task analysis + task analysis techniques
- how do humans behave / desicion making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Objectives when observing static positions?

A
  • provide a description of the joint(s) relative to the anatomical or neutral position
  • description of the joint angle based on body segments adjacent to the joint
  • isolate joint in a specific plane
  • no distraction from proximal segment or other joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Objectives when observing dynamic positions?

A
  • Assessing changes in joint(s) angle over time in phases
  • an understanding of movement is needed in assessing multisegment dynamic movement
  • isolate joint in complex movement
  • repeated observations of a cycle or joint movement over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The Gait cycle: a step can be partitioned in two phases, what are they?

A
  1. The stance phase
  2. The swing phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When is the stance phase intiated? When does it end?

A

When a foot strikes the ground and ends when it is lifted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is swing phase initiated? When does it end

A

When the foot is lifted and ends when it strikes the ground again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does one complete gait cycle consist of? What can it also be called?

A

the time interval or sequence of motions occurring between two consecutive intial contacts of the same foot (ex. heel strike of same foot twice)

One gait cycle can also be called one stride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a step

A

one half of a stride, it takes two steps (one right step and one left step)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many steps does it take to complete a stride/one gait cycle

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three types of nervous systems?

A

Central Nervous system, Peripheral nervous system, Autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the central nervous (CNS) made up of? What are they protected by?

A

Brain and spinal cord, protected by bony structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) where does it exist, what nerves does it include?

A

its nerves exists outside the CNS.

Somatic component includes sensory nerves (detecting environment through senses) and motor nerves (skeletal muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do neurons in nervous system send signals

A

via action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Autonomic Nervous system (ANS), what are its functions? What are the two branches of this system?

A

control system of body functions , ex. breathing, cardiovascular function , internal organs that cant be consciously controlled

Sympathetic branch and parasympathetic branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the ridges of the cerebral cortex called?

A

gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the grooves of the cerebral cortex called?

A

sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Substructures of cerebrum (3) , and their functions

A
  • Cerebral cortex (increased SA with gyrus and sulci)
  • Amygdala (long term memory)
  • Hippocampus (long term memory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the bulk of grey matter (cell bodies) in the brain?

A

Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Substructures of the Diencephalon (2), and their functions

A
  • Thalamus (involved with the sensory nerves of PNS)
  • Hypothalamus (involved with maintaining homeostasis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does Cerebellum consist of that contributes to its SA, what is its function?

A

consists of ridges and grooves to increase SA

Maintain balance if muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Main function of the Brain Stem

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system features (Heart rate, blood pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Substructures of the Brain stem (3)

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla (cardiovascular control)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by

A

Vertabrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is grey matter of the brain and what does it consist of?

A
  • a type of tissue in the brain + spinal cord (central nervous system)
  • areas of synaptic connections (“neuron action”)
  • consist of cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the white matter of the brain and what does it consist of?

A
  • allows the exchange of information and communication between different areas of your brain
  • consist of axons
  • creates pathways between grey matter areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is peripheral nervous system coming from?

A

peripheral nerves project out of the spinal cord at every vertebrae forms the peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two types of peripheral nerves

A
  1. motor nerves aka efferent neurons
  2. Sensory nerves aka aka afferent neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a motor nerve of the PNS and what is its other name?

A

Other name is efferent neurons:
- Controls effectors ex. skeletal muscle
- sends signals from grey matter to the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Function of sensory nerve of the PNS and what is its other name?

A

Other name is afferent nerves:
- detects stimuli
- relays sensory information to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a neuron’s general function?

A
  • Basic information processing unit
  • receives input
  • processes information
  • provides output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do neurons have that allow them to do work?

A

Membrane potential - a difference in electrical energy charge between inside and outside of neuron

experience depolarization and repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the charge on the inside of a neuron cell when it is at rest?

A

Negative at rest , -70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does depolarization mean?

A

membrane potential becomes positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does repolarization/hyperpolarization mean?

A

membrane potential becomes negative.
Brings cell back to resting potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are dendrites

A

finger like projections on a neuron that recieves information from other neurons

42
Q

What is a synapse

A

The connection when a neuron interacts with another neuron or cell type.

Involves the release of neurotransmitters

43
Q

What is an axon hillock

A

in between the axon and processing section of a neuron, which determines whether or not an action potential will be fired down axon after recieving information from the dendrites

44
Q

What kind of signals do dendrites receive? (2) Where are these signals followed

A
  1. Turn on signals - depolarize to create an action potential
  2. Turn off signals - stays where they are

Followed by Axon illock

45
Q

What are the two sections that make up a neuron ?

A
  1. Processing section (determines if an action potential is created)
  2. Communication section (movement of those signals through axon)
46
Q

Purpose of gilial cells

A

cells in nervous system that support the strucutre, function, metabolism and repair of neurons

47
Q

What is the process of an action potential

A

Going from the negative membrane potential to positive membrane potential through depolarization

48
Q

What is a threshold in a neuron, what components of the neuron are involved

A

point needed to be met in order for an action potential to occur , controlled by the axon hillock

49
Q

The _________ signal is converted to a _________ signal at the axon terminals

A

electrical , chemical

50
Q

The _______ signal is converted to an ________ signal at the post synaptic neuron

A

chemical, electrical

51
Q

How does an electroencephalography (EEG) measure the CNS and PNS

A
  • measures electrical activity of the brain
  • measures neuronal activity, action potentials
52
Q

What is a Biopotential, what can measure biopotential?

A

An electric potential measured betwen two points in living cells, tissues, organisms.

Use electrodes, amplifiers, electrical activity

53
Q

What is a sarcomere? What is made up of? What is it a component of?

A
  • Fundamental unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle
  • made up of actin and myosin filaments)
  • many myofibrils make up a muscle cell
  • make up a myofibril
54
Q

Three types of muscle cells?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

55
Q

What are Myofilaments

A

highly arranged structure within the muscle cell (sarcomere)
- composed of actin and myosin that interact with eachother to generate force

They are smaller structures of myofibrils

56
Q

What is Sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of the muscle cell

57
Q

How is force generated within muscle cell

A

myofibrils consists of sarcomeres that shorten so the Z-ends get closer together, which produces force. Requires NRG

58
Q

What is the Cross bridge theory

A

binding of actin to myosin myofilaments to make cross bridgesand change in the confirmation myosin.

59
Q

What does the sliding filament theory explain?

A

Theory explaining the mechanism of muscle contraction associate ih the cross bridge cycling and sliding of myofilaments past eachother to generate force.

60
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

Neuron that synapses with skeletal muscle cells through action potentials

61
Q

What is a Motor unit

A

motor neuron AND all the muscle cells it interacts with

62
Q

What is a Neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell

63
Q

What is muscle action potential

A

action potential on the membrane of a skeletal muscle cell

64
Q

Neuromuscular activation: what kind of signal is there during the depolarization of a motor neuron

A

electrical

65
Q

Neuromuscular acitvation: what kind of signal is released when neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular joint

A

chemical

66
Q

Neuromuscular activation: what kind of signal is released during the depolarization of a muscle fibre

A

electrical

67
Q

Neuromuscular Activation: what kind of signal is released during the cross-bridge formation and sarcomere shortening

A

mechanical

68
Q

Neuromuscular activation: what is the neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

69
Q

Since muscles activate in an “all or non manner” , how can the amount of force be controlled?

A
  1. Motor unit recruitment (control amount to activate)
  2. The amount of Action potential frequency
70
Q

What determines the max. isometric force a muscle could generate?

A

“cross sectional area” of muscle
(more sarcomere, more force, more crossbridges)

71
Q

What is the y-axis on EMG tracing?

A

milivolts

72
Q

What is the x-axis on EMG tracing?

A

time

73
Q

What is EMG? What are the two types of EMG?

A

electromyography; a technique to measure the electrical activity (action potentials) produced by muscles.
1. Surface
2. Intramuscular

74
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of surface EMG?

A

Advantages: non-invasive

Disadvantage: will be placed on superficial muscle, so it may be innacurate, interference from surface

75
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of intramuscular EMG?

A

Advantages: precision
Disadvantages: invasive

76
Q

is there a relationship between EMG amplitude and muscle force?

A

A positive relationship, but cannot compare it between different muscles and people

77
Q

What is a stimulus response? Give the order of what the process are involved

A

The neural information being processed (after following prior behavioural instructions)

stimulus -> sensory (afferent) -> cortical (processing) -> motor (efferent)

78
Q

What is reaction time?

A

the time it takes the CNS to sense, process and initiate a response to a stimulus

79
Q

What is movement time?

A
  • time it takes for a movement to be executed
  • onset of muscle activation to the end of the response
  • reaction time is not included
80
Q

What is response time?

A
  • reaction time + movement time
  • total time from stimulus detection to end of response
81
Q

What are some factors reaction time is dependent on (3)?

A
  • stimulus intensity and modality
  • simple reaction time (SRT)
  • choice reaction time (CRT)
82
Q

What is stimulus intensity and modality?

A

Just refers to the type of stimulus that is a factor to one’s reaction time (visual, auditory)

83
Q

What is simple reaction time (SRT)

A

there is only one stimulus and one response

84
Q

What s choice reaction time (CRT)

A

There are a number of different stimuli presented each requiring a different response

85
Q

What is dual task interference?

A

Simultaneous performance of two tasks leads to performance deficits

86
Q

What is reciprocal contraction

A

the simultaneous activation of the agonist and inactivation of the antagonist

87
Q

What is co-contraction

A

Simultaneous activation of the agonist and antagonist

stabilizing the joint

88
Q

What are biomechanics

A

Study of the effects and control of forces that act on/produced by living beings

89
Q

What are Kinematics

A

the study of the motion of objects

90
Q

Kinetics

A

the study of forces that cause motion

91
Q

What is Force? What are its units?

A

an action or influence that moves the body or influences the movement of the body.

Units = Newtons (N)

92
Q

Moment? What are its unit/what do you need to achieve this?

A

Force that changes the rotational motion of an object

Units = N . m (newton metres)

93
Q

What is the “m” in the moment equation? (N x m)? How can it be used to maximize moment force

A

moment arm - perpendicular distance from application of force

distance between pt of rotation and application of force

maximize force by increasing moment arm

94
Q

What is needed when needed to calculate the force of gravity on an object?

A

the centre of mass - the point where the mass of the object is equally distributed in all distributions

acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/s^2)

F = m x a

dont forget direction of acceleration (-9.8)

95
Q

Goniometer and potentiometer. their pros/cons?

A

Used to measure kinetics

An instrument to measure angles

cons; inacurate, a guess, potentiometer only stay in one spot
pro; can be done anywhere/anyone

96
Q

Inertial sensors

A

measure acceleration

97
Q

gold standard for kinematic analysis

A

optical/magnetic motion capture

98
Q

Measurement methods for kinematics? (4)

A
  1. visual observation
  2. Goniometer
  3. Inertial sensors
  4. Optical or magnetic motion capture
99
Q

Measurement methods for kinetics (study of forces that cause motion) ?

A
  1. Manual assessment
  2. Dynamometer (hand held or isokinetic)
  3. Force plates
100
Q

Dynamometer

A

device measuring force , torque, power

control the speed of contraction, joint angle

101
Q

Gold standard for kinetic analysis

A

Force plates

102
Q

Force plates

A

measures how people interact with their environment

measures force in 6 directions

Term 1 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions