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Kin 120 > Kin 120 Module 2 > Flashcards

Kin 120 Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is stress and what are the types of stress

A

it is the collective and physiological and emotional response to a stimulus that disrupts homeostasis, it is determined by the balance between demands and the resources
-eustress: good stress
-distress: bad stress

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2
Q

what are some common things that can cause stress

A

unpredictability
threat to ego
sense of loss of control

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3
Q

what are some examples of environmental, physicological and emotional stress

A

Environmental: climate, noise, pollution, crowding
Physiological stress: training medication, caffeine, injuries, disease, nutrition
emotional: major stressors and minor stressors

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4
Q

what are the categories of stress

A

Acute: short-term
Episodic: series of events
Chronic: long term and always present

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5
Q

what are the 3 phases of stress and explain them

A

-alarm: this is where you prepare (fight or flight) and hormones are released
-adaptation: tolerance to stress builds and you develop a new level of homeostasis
-exhaustion: if the stress persists and you aren’t able to cope or coping mechanism taken away

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6
Q

why do people respond differently to stress

A

inherited predisposition, experience and personality

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7
Q

what are the major responses to stress

A

physical/physiological: fight or flight
emotional response
behavioural: controlled by the somatic nervous system

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8
Q

what is the somatic nervous system and what does it do

A

its a branch of the peripheral nervous system and governs motor functions and sensory info

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9
Q

what systems are responsible for the physical response to stress

A

nervous system and the endocrine system

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10
Q

when does the parasympathetic nervous system kick in during stress and what does it do

A

it kicks in after and it allows the body to return to homeostasis

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11
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

it controls heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, digestion etc…

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12
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

it is activated when aroused and uses the neurotransmitter norepinephrine

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13
Q

what does adrenaline do and where is it secreted from

A

it is secreted by the adrenal gland
-increases blood flow, heart rate, blood sugar, breathing, metabolism, blood pressure (vasoconstriction) and prepares the muscles
-actives both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors

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14
Q

what does noradrenaline do and where is it secreted from

A

it is secreted by the adrenal medulla
-increases blood pressure via vasoconstriction
-only activates alpha-adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

explain the process by which adrenaline is synthesized

A

dopamine is used to synthesize noradrenaline and noradrenaline is used the synthesize adrenaline

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16
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

system of glands, tissue and cells that secrete hormones into the blood

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17
Q

what does norepinephrine do and where is it secreted from

A

neurotransmitter that is secreted by the sympathetic nervous system (adrenal gland) to increase body function (attention, awareness, alertness)

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18
Q

what does epinephrine do and where is it secreted from

A

secreted from the inner core of the medulla of the adrenal gland and also a neurotransmitter and effects respiration rate

19
Q

what does cortisol do and where is it secreted from

A

steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal gland, can cause stress and increase blood sugar levels

20
Q

what do endorphins do and where is it secreted from

A

it has pain-inhibiting effects and is secreted by the hypothalamus

21
Q

what are the axis for the fight or flight response and what do they help control

A

sympathetic-adrenal-medullray: short-term response to stress
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical: acute and longterm response

22
Q

how does the SAM axis work

A
  1. it activates the sympathetic nervous system which secretes acetylcholine
  2. acetylcholine then gets the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
    3.neural activity combines with the hormones to cause fight or flight
23
Q

how does the HPA axis work

A
  1. activates the adrenal cortical system and causes the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone
  2. The pituitary gland secrets adrenocorticotropin hormone
  3. ACTH arrives at adrenal cortex and causes the release of cortisol, glucagon, Renin (regulates blood pressure), Vasopressin (regulates water retention)
    4.neural activity combines with the hormones to cause fight or flight
24
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

pea-sized matergland involed in growth, metabolism and reproduction

25
Q

what are catecholamines

A

stress stimulates the nerves and causes the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine (noradrenaline and adrenaline)

26
Q

what are some acute effects of catecholamines?

A

increases heart rate and cardiac contraction strength, narrws blood vessels, increase blood pressure, dilates pupils, dilates airways, reduces blood flow to GI tract and saliva production, increase sweat production

27
Q

what are prolonged exposure to catecholamines linked to

A

hypertension
cardiac disease
vascular disease
pheochromocytoma: neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands

28
Q

what do chronic norepinephrine levels lead to

A

overactivation of the amygdala and causes fear, downregulation of pre-frontal cortex (impaired concentration, reduced reasoning, decrease in impulse control)

29
Q

what happens when your adrenergic sensors are desensitized and what causes it

A

lipolysis reduces causing more fat accumulation caused by prolonged exposure to catecholamines

30
Q

what are some acute responses to cortisol

A

increase vigilance
you don’t think when you respond to emotion
raises blood sugar by tapping into protein stores via gluconeogenesis in the liver
inhibits insulin production
increase psychomotor activity
become hungray

31
Q

what are some of prolonged effects of cortisol

A

increased appetite
body consistently producing glucose
increase fat stores
increase salt retention
thinning of skin
reduce acid barrier in cells
interfere with menstrual cycle
bane calcium loss
muscle wasting
insomnia
irritability
depressed mood
memory loss
immune dysfunction

32
Q

what hormones do cortisol lower and what does this cause

A

-dopamine: lowers activity in the pleasure center of the brain
-norepinephrine: lack of motivation and alertness
-serotonin: reduces feelings of happiness and well being
leads to anxiety, weight gain and increased appetite

33
Q

what happens when there is a HPA imbalance

A

it causes mood disorders and functional illness
-anxiety, bipolar, insomnia, PTSD, ADHD, burnout, chronic fatigue, IBS

34
Q

what controls the behavioural response to stress and what does it manage

A

somatic nervous system and manages a person conscious actions

35
Q

what is alostatic load

A

the wear and tear on a body that is caused by long last exposure to chronic stress and continues release of cortisol

36
Q

what are some ways of managing stress

A

-exercise
-laughter yoga: decreases cortisol and epinephrine
-nutrition: balanced diet and avoiding caffeine and alcohol (raise cortisol levels)
-sleep: decreases cortisol, increases problem focused solving strategies

37
Q

what are some benefits of sleep

A

-helps with learning
-increases attention span
-increases immunity
-help stay at a healthy weight
-improves mood
-lowers the risk of diabetes and heart disease
-muscle and tissue repair

38
Q

how does sleep affect our hormone levels

A

a good nights sleep can reduce ghrelin (makes us feel hungry) and increase leptin (tells the brain how big or small the stomach is)

39
Q

what are the forces that drive us toward sleep

A

-homeostatic sleep drive: increases the longer we’re awake
-circadian Rythm

40
Q

what are the stages of sleep

A

NREM stage 1: heartbeat and breathing slow down, muscles begin to relax
NREM stage 2: heartbeat and breathing slow down more, no eye movement, body temp drops, the brain produces sleep spindles
NREM stage 3: deepest sleep state, heartbeat and breathing at lowest, no eye movement, body is relaxed, delta brain waves present, tissue repair, immune system strengthens
REm stage R: primary dreaming stage, eye movements are rapid, breathing and heart rate increase, limbs become paralyzed, brain acitivyt increases

41
Q

what are some benefits of naps

A

relaxes you
reduces fatigue
increases alertness
improves mood
improves performance

42
Q
A
43
Q
A

Kin 120 (9 decks)

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