Kin 120 Module 2 Flashcards
what is stress and what are the types of stress
it is the collective and physiological and emotional response to a stimulus that disrupts homeostasis, it is determined by the balance between demands and the resources
-eustress: good stress
-distress: bad stress
what are some common things that can cause stress
unpredictability
threat to ego
sense of loss of control
what are some examples of environmental, physicological and emotional stress
Environmental: climate, noise, pollution, crowding
Physiological stress: training medication, caffeine, injuries, disease, nutrition
emotional: major stressors and minor stressors
what are the categories of stress
Acute: short-term
Episodic: series of events
Chronic: long term and always present
what are the 3 phases of stress and explain them
-alarm: this is where you prepare (fight or flight) and hormones are released
-adaptation: tolerance to stress builds and you develop a new level of homeostasis
-exhaustion: if the stress persists and you aren’t able to cope or coping mechanism taken away
why do people respond differently to stress
inherited predisposition, experience and personality
what are the major responses to stress
physical/physiological: fight or flight
emotional response
behavioural: controlled by the somatic nervous system
what is the somatic nervous system and what does it do
its a branch of the peripheral nervous system and governs motor functions and sensory info
what systems are responsible for the physical response to stress
nervous system and the endocrine system
when does the parasympathetic nervous system kick in during stress and what does it do
it kicks in after and it allows the body to return to homeostasis
what does the autonomic nervous system do
it controls heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, digestion etc…
what does the sympathetic nervous system do
it is activated when aroused and uses the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
what does adrenaline do and where is it secreted from
it is secreted by the adrenal gland
-increases blood flow, heart rate, blood sugar, breathing, metabolism, blood pressure (vasoconstriction) and prepares the muscles
-actives both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors
what does noradrenaline do and where is it secreted from
it is secreted by the adrenal medulla
-increases blood pressure via vasoconstriction
-only activates alpha-adrenergic receptors
explain the process by which adrenaline is synthesized
dopamine is used to synthesize noradrenaline and noradrenaline is used the synthesize adrenaline
what is the endocrine system
system of glands, tissue and cells that secrete hormones into the blood
what does norepinephrine do and where is it secreted from
neurotransmitter that is secreted by the sympathetic nervous system (adrenal gland) to increase body function (attention, awareness, alertness)
what does epinephrine do and where is it secreted from
secreted from the inner core of the medulla of the adrenal gland and also a neurotransmitter and effects respiration rate
what does cortisol do and where is it secreted from
steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal gland, can cause stress and increase blood sugar levels
what do endorphins do and where is it secreted from
it has pain-inhibiting effects and is secreted by the hypothalamus
what are the axis for the fight or flight response and what do they help control
sympathetic-adrenal-medullray: short-term response to stress
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical: acute and longterm response
how does the SAM axis work
- it activates the sympathetic nervous system which secretes acetylcholine
- acetylcholine then gets the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
3.neural activity combines with the hormones to cause fight or flight
how does the HPA axis work
- activates the adrenal cortical system and causes the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone
- The pituitary gland secrets adrenocorticotropin hormone
- ACTH arrives at adrenal cortex and causes the release of cortisol, glucagon, Renin (regulates blood pressure), Vasopressin (regulates water retention)
4.neural activity combines with the hormones to cause fight or flight
what does the pituitary gland do
pea-sized matergland involed in growth, metabolism and reproduction
what are catecholamines
stress stimulates the nerves and causes the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine (noradrenaline and adrenaline)
what are some acute effects of catecholamines?
increases heart rate and cardiac contraction strength, narrws blood vessels, increase blood pressure, dilates pupils, dilates airways, reduces blood flow to GI tract and saliva production, increase sweat production
what are prolonged exposure to catecholamines linked to
hypertension
cardiac disease
vascular disease
pheochromocytoma: neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands
what do chronic norepinephrine levels lead to
overactivation of the amygdala and causes fear, downregulation of pre-frontal cortex (impaired concentration, reduced reasoning, decrease in impulse control)
what happens when your adrenergic sensors are desensitized and what causes it
lipolysis reduces causing more fat accumulation caused by prolonged exposure to catecholamines
what are some acute responses to cortisol
increase vigilance
you don’t think when you respond to emotion
raises blood sugar by tapping into protein stores via gluconeogenesis in the liver
inhibits insulin production
increase psychomotor activity
become hungray
what are some of prolonged effects of cortisol
increased appetite
body consistently producing glucose
increase fat stores
increase salt retention
thinning of skin
reduce acid barrier in cells
interfere with menstrual cycle
bane calcium loss
muscle wasting
insomnia
irritability
depressed mood
memory loss
immune dysfunction
what hormones do cortisol lower and what does this cause
-dopamine: lowers activity in the pleasure center of the brain
-norepinephrine: lack of motivation and alertness
-serotonin: reduces feelings of happiness and well being
leads to anxiety, weight gain and increased appetite
what happens when there is a HPA imbalance
it causes mood disorders and functional illness
-anxiety, bipolar, insomnia, PTSD, ADHD, burnout, chronic fatigue, IBS
what controls the behavioural response to stress and what does it manage
somatic nervous system and manages a person conscious actions
what is alostatic load
the wear and tear on a body that is caused by long last exposure to chronic stress and continues release of cortisol
what are some ways of managing stress
-exercise
-laughter yoga: decreases cortisol and epinephrine
-nutrition: balanced diet and avoiding caffeine and alcohol (raise cortisol levels)
-sleep: decreases cortisol, increases problem focused solving strategies
what are some benefits of sleep
-helps with learning
-increases attention span
-increases immunity
-help stay at a healthy weight
-improves mood
-lowers the risk of diabetes and heart disease
-muscle and tissue repair
how does sleep affect our hormone levels
a good nights sleep can reduce ghrelin (makes us feel hungry) and increase leptin (tells the brain how big or small the stomach is)
what are the forces that drive us toward sleep
-homeostatic sleep drive: increases the longer we’re awake
-circadian Rythm
what are the stages of sleep
NREM stage 1: heartbeat and breathing slow down, muscles begin to relax
NREM stage 2: heartbeat and breathing slow down more, no eye movement, body temp drops, the brain produces sleep spindles
NREM stage 3: deepest sleep state, heartbeat and breathing at lowest, no eye movement, body is relaxed, delta brain waves present, tissue repair, immune system strengthens
REm stage R: primary dreaming stage, eye movements are rapid, breathing and heart rate increase, limbs become paralyzed, brain acitivyt increases
what are some benefits of naps
relaxes you
reduces fatigue
increases alertness
improves mood
improves performance
