Kidney - Ex 3

Question 1

Define azotemia

Answer 1

Inc BUN and Creatinine

Question 2

What % reduction in renal function results in azotemia

Answer 2

75%

Question 3

What % reduction in renal fan results in loss of concentrating ability?

Answer 3

66% of nephrons have been lost

Question 4

What 3 basic causes of azotemia should be considered?

Answer 4

Pre-renal

Renal

Post-renal

Question 5

Two basic causes of pre-renal increases of BUN

Answer 5

Hemorrhage and infection

You can rule these out with a normal sediment

Question 6

What is the most likely (and probably only) cause of a pre renal increase in creatinine?

Answer 6

Decreased GFR

Question 7

How can USG help differentiate b/w pre-renal and renal azotemia?

Answer 7

Pre-renal –> normal SG

Renal –> dilute SG

Question 8

Is primary renal failure the only dz in which impaired renal concentration ability is seen?

Answer 8

NO!

Diabetes, hyper/hypoadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, psychogenic polydipsia, hepatic failure, pyometra…

Question 9

USG in isosthenuric range - azotemic animal

Answer 9

Suggests renal dz

Question 10

USG in isosthenuric range - random urine sample

Answer 10

Obtaining one urine sample with a SG in the isosthenuric range does not mean that the animal is incapable of concentration or dilution

Question 11

Describe 3 basic types of proteinuria

Answer 11

1. Preglomerular: usually mild –> abnormalities outside urogenital tract
2. Glomerular: Very high!

3, Postglomerular: mild

Question 12

Two types of pre-glomerular proteinuria

Answer 12

1. Functional or physiologic –> transient glomerular alteration which allows leakage of albumin
2. Overload –> excess passage of protein through glomeruli or extremely high serum concentration of protein

Question 13

Comparing glomerular and tubular proteinemia, in which would you expect the highest UPC?

Answer 13

Glomerular (>5.0)

Question 14

What is the most reliable way of differentiating glomerular proteinuria from proteinuria caused by hemorrhage and/or inflammation?

Answer 14

Sediment

Normal sediment –> suggests glomerular proteinuria

Question 15

UPC should always be interpreted in light of…

Answer 15

1. Urine SG

2. Sediment findings

Question 16

In general, what does glucose in the urine indicate about an animal?

Answer 16

Glucose has exceeded the renal threshold

Question 17

What is the significance of increased activities of FFT or NAG in the urine?

Answer 17

inc urine GGT suggests injury to the tubular epithelial cells

Inc NAG suggests damage to renal epithelial cells