Anemia - Ex 1

Question 1

How an animal becomes anemic

Answer 1

• Loss
• reg
• dec protein
• Destruction
• reg
• Dec production
• non-reg

Question 2

How to determine regeneration or not?

Answer 2

Look at reticulocytes/polychromasia

Question 3

Hypoplasia

Answer 3

Decreased regeneration

Question 4

Causes of non regenerative anemia

Answer 4

1. Aplastic anemia –> term used when there is a pancytopenia (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia)
2. Stem cell injury/suppression
   - drugs
   - toxins
   - infectious agents
   * * nets and platelets will dec before RBCs because shorter life span
3. Pure red cell aplasia (lack of erythroid precursor)
   - Immune-mediated destruction of erythroid precursors
   - FeLV
4. Red cell hypoplasia - more common than lack of or destruction of precursors
   - Anemia of inflammatory dz –> COMMON (think GI); inflammatory leukogram is supportive
   - Anemia of chronic renal failure –> low EPO
   - Anemia assoc’d with endocrine dz –> hypothyroid, Addison’s

Question 5

Blood Loss

Answer 5

Regenerative Anemia

• External: all components are lost
• Internal: proteins can be absorbed
• Chronic blood loss should be regenerative; can result in iron deficiency

Question 6

Blood Destruction

Answer 6

Regernative anemia

• intravascular hemolysis: occurs with complement fixation and MAC. Hgb can leak from RBCs –> see hemoglo binemia, hemoglobinuria, and hyperbilirubinemia.
• MCHC is often increased
• Extravascular hemolysis: MOs in spleen, liver, and bone marrow phagocytize the erythrocytes
• More common than intravascular
• IMHA
• IgM causes agglutination
• MCV increased
• Sperocytes seen
• Thrombocytopenia (concurrent immune mediated destruction or DIC)
• Inflammatory leukogram

Question 7

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

Answer 7

Foal and Sire are Ag+, Mare is Ag- but has been sensitized (has Abs against Ag)

Foal ingests Abs via colostrum –> anemia ensues

Question 8

Infectious causes of anemia - regenerative

Answer 8

1. Mycoplasma
   - (cats affected most)
2. Anaplasma
   - A. marginale –> tick-borne dz cattle
3. Babesia
4. Theileria sp
5. Cytauxzoon relis
   - cats severely affected –> almost always fatal

Question 9

Heinz body anemia

Answer 9

Regenerative

• Oxidative damage
• Ingestion of certain plants
• Drugs