Cytology Eval - Ex 6 Flashcards
Slide Exam - Background (4)
- Blood
- Proteinaceous Material
- mucin, osteoid, amyloid - Broken cells
- lysed nuclei
- cytoplasmic blebs
- granules- ruptured mast cells or melanocytes
- Debris
Slide Exam - Cells (2)
- Inflammatory cells
- neuts
- MO
- lymphocytes/plasma cells
- eosinophils - Tissue cells
- epithelial: squamous, glandular, non glandular
- mesenchymal: CT
- round cells: discrete cells
Epidermal inclusion cysts aka Follicular cysts
- cheesy material aspirated
- keratinized epithelium
- cholesterol crystals
- +/- neut inflammation
- keratinized epithelial cells become trapped under a layer of epidermis
- large numbers of anucleate, keratinized, squamous epithelial cells
Apocrine cyst
- clear fluid aspirated
- low cellularity
- epithelial cells line the cyst
- proteinaceous product secreted into the center
- collection of fluid is expected
- thin layer of basophilic or eosinophilic proteinaceous material in the background
- +/- benign-appearing epithelial cells
Sebaceous cyst
- brown, oily fluid aspirated
- low cellularity
- basophilic proteinaceous background
Hematoma & Serum
- fluid-filled
- may need to centrifuge to concentrate
- Hematomas
- hemodilute
- low numbers of MO- contain phagocytized erythrocytes &/or black pigment
- no platelets
- contain phagocytized erythrocytes &/or black pigment
- Seromas
- low number of erythrocytes
- occasional reactive MO
- +/- low numbers of neutrophils
- no platelets
Lymphocytic Inflammation
- small, well-differentiated lymphocytes predominate
- +/- plasma cells
- causes:
- Ag stim (insect bites, vx, viral)
- type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
Neutrophilic Inflammation (Suppurative, Purulent)
- 85% neutrophils
- determine if nets are degenerate or non-degen
- chronic inflammatory processes
- karyorrhectic & pyknotic neutrophils
- low numbers of MO
Degenerate - Neutrophilic inflammation
- Karyolytic with pale, distended chromatin
* assoc’d with bacti or fungi
Non-Degenerate - Neutrophilic inflammation
- Appear similar to neutrophils in peripheral blood
- consider a sterile inflammatory process:
- immune-mediated dz
- caustic injury
- trauma
Eosinophilic Inflammation
- > 10% eosinophils
- several neuts
- Causes:
- parasites
- allergy
- type 1 hypersensitivity run
- immune-mediated dz
- paraneoplastic (MCT, carcinomas)
- supportive of eosinophilic granuloma in cats w/a raised erythematous, alopecia mass
Histiocytic Inflammation (granulomatous)
- reactive MO predominate
- multinucleate giant cells observed
Causes:
- foreign body ran
- fungal infection
- atypical bacterial infection
- chronic irritation
Pyogranulomatous
Neutrophilic & Histiocytic Inflammation
Causes:
- foreign body ran
- fungal infection
- atypical bacterial infection
- chronic irritation
What is mixed inflammation?
Lymphocytes mixed with neutrophils & MO
4 Chronic inflammatory lesions
- lick granulomas
- vaccine runs
- persistent infections
- foreign body rxns
Epithelial Cells - Classic appearance
- Large cells
- High cellularity
- Sheets with cell junctions
- Distinct cytoplasmic borders
- Round to polygonal nuclei
*tend to form very dense clusters
Epithelial Cells - Neuroendocrine appearance
- Naked nuclei embedded in cytoplasm
2. Indistinct cytoplasmic boarders
Mesenchymal Cells
- Spindle-shaped or wispy borders
- Ovoid nuclei
- Found individual or in aggregates
Round Cells
- Small to medium cell size
- Moderate cellularity
- Individualized cells
- Distinct cell borders without cell junctions
- Rounded cytoplasm
- Round nuclei
**often described as a raised, hairless mass, occasionally red & ulcerated
Cellular characteristics - Benign
- uniform cytoplasmic and nuclear size
2. +/- nucleoli (uniform shape, size, and number)
Tumor Behavior - Benign
- Usually slow-growing
- Locally invasive
- Do not metastasize
Tumor Behavior - Malignant
- Usually fast-growing
- Locally invasive
- Metastatic potential
**Look ugly!
Characteristics of Malignancy (13)
A A A A A A B D I M M N P
- Anisocytosis
- Anisokaryosis
- Abnormal nuclear shape
- Aberrant mitotic figures
- Atypical cytoplasmic vacuolation
- Angular or elongated nucleoli
- Binucleation
- Dysmaturation of nuclear & cytoplasmic morphology
- Increased N:C
- Multinucleation
- Multiple nucleoli
- Nuclear molding
- Prominent nucleoli
Tumor Behavior - Misc
“Malignant changes can occur secondary to inflammation
Certain tumors do not follow the rules:
- Neuroendocrine tumors
- Mammary tumors
- Perianal tumors
- Round cell tumors
