Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gross II Exam 4 > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

to remove water, salts, and products of protein metabolism from the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the kidney’s location.

A
  • posterior-most organ in the abdomen
  • bean-shaped retroperitoneal organ
  • extends from T12 to L3
  • right kidney lies slightly lower than the left due to the large size of the right lobe of the liver
  • kidneys lie anterior to the psoas major and lateral to the vertebral column within the paravertebral grooves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the relationship between the kidney and psoas major?

A

Because the kidney rests on top of the psoas, a strained psoas major muscle is sometimes mistaken for kidney pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the surfaces of the kidney?

A
  • anterior

- posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the borders of the kidney?

A
  • medial

- lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the poles of the kidney?

A
  • superior

- inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the hilum of the kidney located?

A

a vertical fissure located on the medial surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the hilum of the kidney transmit?

A
  • renal vein (anteriorly)
  • renal artery (between renal vein and ureter)
  • ureter (posteriorly)
  • autonomic and sensory nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

the expanded superior end of the ureter within the hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

a recess located within the hilum, which is filled with fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the renal pedicle?

A

the structures which enter the hilum are known collectively by this term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

the outer portion of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the renal columns?

A

projections of the cortex into the medulla between the renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A
  • the inner portion of the kidney

- includes 8-12 renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a renal pyramid?

A

terminates in an apex known as the renal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the minor calices?

A

cup shaped structures into which the renal papillae fit

17
Q

What are the major calices?

A
  • 2 to 3 major channels into which the minor calices empty

- the major calices empty into the renal pelvis

18
Q

What is the blood supply to the kidney?

A
  • Artery: renal artery (from the abdominal aorta)
  • Extrahilar arteries
  • Vein: renal vein (drains to the inferior vena cava)
19
Q

What are the extrahilar arteries?

A

accessory arteries which may originate from the abdominal aorta above or below the renal artery

20
Q

What does the left renal vein drain?

A
  • left kidney
  • suprarenal gland
  • gonad
  • diaphragm
  • body wall
21
Q

Describe anatomical nutcracker.

A
  • left renal vein and third part of the duodenum may be compressed between aorta behind and superior mesenteric artery in front
  • this may lead to left side kidney failure and vomiting if the third part of the duodenum is compressed
  • causes:
    1. compressive abdominal trauma
    2. application of body cast (cast syndrome)
    3. aortic aneurysm (abdominal, AAA)
22
Q

What is the innervation of the kidney?

A

Renal plexus, formed by fibers from the:

  1. celiac plexus
  2. aortic plexus
  3. direct branches from the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
23
Q

What are the layers covering the kidney?

A
  1. renal capsule (innermost layer)
  2. perinephric fat (immediately outside renal capsule)
  3. renal fascia (anterior and posterior layer)
  4. paranephric fat (outermost layer)
24
Q

What is the function of fat around the kidneys?

A
  1. protection
  2. insulation
  3. support
25
Q

What is the renal fascia?

A

a membranous layer of extraperitoneal tissue which splits to enclose the kidney

26
Q

What is gout caused by?

A
  • Adkin’s diet
  • eating meat, drinking beer
  • due to uric acid
  • not related to kidney stones
27
Q

What are renal calculi?

A
  • kidney stones may be composed of:
    1. calcium oxalate
    2. calcium phosphate
    3. uric acid
  • Produce a dull ache in the kidney. When they enter the ureter, they cause severe pain.
  • May become lodged at one of three constrictions of the ureter, restricting urinary flow.
  • Risk factors:
    1. being male
    2. low fluid intake/dehydration
    3. southern USA
  • Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) may be used to break them up.
28
Q

Describe nephroptosis.

A
  • the kidney becomes hypermobile and moves downward within the renal fascia
  • may descend into the pelvis
  • it sometimes turns upside down, twisting blood vessels and the ureter
  • more common in very thin people

Gross II Exam 4 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions