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UK GCSE Biology > Key Words - Paper 2 > Flashcards

Key Words - Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer part of the brain responsible for intelligence, language, memory and consciousness

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2
Q

Medulla

A

Controls unconscious activities such as heart rate and breathing rate

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3
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls balance, co-ordination of movement and muscular activity

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4
Q

MRI

A

Brain scanning technique

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5
Q

Accommodation

A

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

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6
Q

Myopia

A

Short-sightedness

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7
Q

Hyperopia

A

Long-sightedness

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8
Q

Vasodilation

A

When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin widen and allow more warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, where the heat is lost to the air

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9
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin narrow and allow less warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, which reduces heat loss

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10
Q

Deamination

A

The removal of the amine group on amino acids to form urea

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11
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

When the useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules

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12
Q

ADH

A

Hormone released from the pituitary gland which regulates the water concentration of the blood

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13
Q

Thyroxine

A

Hormone released from the thyroid gland which stimulates the basal metabolic rate

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14
Q

Hormone released from the thyroid gland which stimulates the basal metabolic rate

A

Thyroxine

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15
Q

Hormone released from the pituitary gland which regulates the water concentration of the blood

A

ADH

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16
Q

When the useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules

A

Selective reabsorption

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17
Q

The removal of the amine group on amino acids to form urea

A

Deamination

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18
Q

When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin narrow and allow less warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, which reduces heat loss

A

Vasoconstriction

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19
Q

When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin widen and allow more warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, where the heat is lost to the air

A

Vasodilation

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20
Q

Long-sightedness

A

Hyperopia

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21
Q

Short-sightedness

A

Myopia

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22
Q

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

A

Accommodation

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23
Q

Brain scanning technique

A

MRI

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24
Q

Controls balance, co-ordination of movement and muscular activity

A

Cerebellum

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25
Q

Controls unconscious activities such as heart rate and breathing rate

A

Medulla

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26
Q

The outer part of the brain responsible for intelligence, language, memory and consciousness

A

Cerebral cortex

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27
Q

Decomposers

A

Organisms that break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting
enzymes into the environment

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28
Q

Pyramids of biomass

A

Constructed to represent the relative
amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. Trophic level 1 is at the
bottom of the pyramid.

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29
Q

Food security

A

Having enough food to feed a population.

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30
Q

Mycoprotein

A

A protein-rich

food suitable for vegetarians

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31
Q

Organisms that break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting
enzymes into the environment

A

Decomposers

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32
Q

Constructed to represent the relative
amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. Trophic level 1 is at the
bottom of the pyramid.

A

Pyramids of biomass

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33
Q

Having enough food to feed a population.

A

Food security

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34
Q

A protein-rich

food suitable for vegetarians

A

Mycoprotein

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35
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Returns carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to be used by plants in photosynthesis

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36
Q

Water cycle

A

Provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into seas. Water is continuously evaporated and precipitated

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37
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of all the different species of organisms on earth, or within an ecosystem

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38
Q

Pollution

A

Can occur on land, in water, in the air. Pollution kills plants and animals which reduces biodiversity

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39
Q

Returns carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to be used by plants in photosynthesis

A

Carbon cycle

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40
Q

Provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into seas. Water is continuously evaporated and precipitated

A

Water cycle

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41
Q

The variety of all the different species of organisms on earth, or within an ecosystem

A

Biodiversity

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42
Q

Can occur on land, in water, in the air. Pollution kills plants and animals which reduces biodiversity

A

Pollution

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43
Q

Ecosystem

A

Interaction of a community of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment

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44
Q

Interdependence

A

Each species in a community depending on one another e.g. food, shelter, seed dispersal, pollination. If one species is removed, it can affect the whole community

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45
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non-living factors that can affect a community e.g. light, temperature, soil pH

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46
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living factors that can affect a community e.g. availability of food, new predators arriving, new pathogens

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47
Q

Adaptations

A

Features that enable organisms to survive in the conditions in which they normally live. They could be behavioural, structural or functional

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48
Q

Producer

A

Starts off a food chain. Usually a green plant or alga that photosynthesises. Eaten by primary consumers

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49
Q

Quadrat

A

Square frame used to count organisms to estimate a population, e.g. random sampling

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50
Q

Transect

A

A straight line where samples are taken at regular intervals using a quadrat

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51
Q

Predator

A

Consumer that kills and eats other animals

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52
Q

Interaction of a community of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment

A

Ecosystem

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53
Q

Each species in a community depending on one another e.g. food, shelter, seed dispersal, pollination. If one species is removed, it can affect the whole community

A

Interdependence

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54
Q

Non-living factors that can affect a community e.g. light, temperature, soil pH

A

Abiotic factors

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55
Q

Living factors that can affect a community e.g. availability of food, new predators arriving, new pathogens

A

Biotic factors

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56
Q

Features that enable organisms to survive in the conditions in which they normally live. They could be behavioural, structural or functional

A

Adaptations

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57
Q

Starts off a food chain. Usually a green plant or alga that photosynthesises. Eaten by primary consumers

A

Producer

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58
Q

Square frame used to count organisms to estimate a population, e.g. random sampling

A

Quadrat

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59
Q

A straight line where samples are taken at regular intervals using a quadrat

A

Transect

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60
Q

Consumer that kills and eats other animals

A

Predator

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61
Q

Homeostasis

A

The regulation of internal conditions to maintain optimum conditions in response to changes

62
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the environment

63
Q

Receptors

A

Cells that detect changes in the environment

64
Q

Coordination centres

A

Receive and process information from receptors. E.g. brain

65
Q

Effectors

A

Muscles or glands which bring about a response

66
Q

Reflex action

A

An automatic and rapid action

67
Q

Endocrine system

A

Consists of glands that release hormones into the blood to get to a target organ to cause a response

68
Q

Insulin

A

Released from the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels and causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells. It causes glucose to be converted into glycogen for storage in the liver

69
Q

Glucagon

A

Released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels and causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose and released back into the blood

70
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin

71
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

When the body cells no longer respond to insulin

72
Q

Oestrogen

A

Released by the ovaries. Stops FSH being released and stimulates LH to be released

73
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes maturation of the egg in the ovary.

74
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes the egg to be released from the ovary.

75
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

Where egg cells are fertilised outside of the body with sperm cells

76
Q

Where egg cells are fertilised outside of the body with sperm cells

A

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

77
Q

Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes the egg to be released from the ovary.

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

78
Q

Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes maturation of the egg in the ovary.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

79
Q

Released by the ovaries. Stops FSH being released and stimulates LH to be released

A

Oestrogen

80
Q

When the body cells no longer respond to insulin

A

Type 2 diabetes

81
Q

When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin

A

Type 1 diabetes

82
Q

Released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels and causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose and released back into the blood

A

Glucagon

83
Q

Released from the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels and causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells. It causes glucose to be converted into glycogen for storage in the liver

A

Insulin

84
Q

Consists of glands that release hormones into the blood to get to a target organ to cause a response

A

Endocrine system

85
Q

An automatic and rapid action

A

Reflex action

86
Q

Receive and process information from receptors. E.g. brain

A

Coordination centres

87
Q

Cells that detect changes in the environment

A

Receptors

88
Q

A change in the environment

A

Stimulus

89
Q

The regulation of internal conditions to maintain optimum conditions in response to changes

A

Homeostasis

90
Q

Muscles or glands which bring about a response

A

Effectors

91
Q

Nucleotide

A

Sugar + phosphate + base

92
Q

Tissue culture

A

Method of cloning using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants

93
Q

Cuttings

A

A simple method used by gardeners to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant

94
Q

Embryo transplants

A

Method of cloning. Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers

95
Q

Adult cell cloning

A

Nucleus is placed into empty egg cell and is inserted into the womb of an adult female

96
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species through natural selection from an isolated population

97
Q

Formation of a new species through natural selection from an isolated population

A

Speciation

98
Q

Nucleus is placed into empty egg cell and is inserted into the womb of an adult female

A

Adult cell cloning

99
Q

Method of cloning. Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers

A

Embryo transplants

100
Q

A simple method used by gardeners to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant

A

Cuttings

101
Q

Method of cloning using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants

A

Tissue culture

102
Q

Sugar + phosphate + base

A

Nucleotide

103
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

The fusion of male and female gametes

104
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Involves only one parent with no fusion of gametes

105
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division which halves the number of chromosomes, forming gametes

106
Q

DNA

A

A polymer made up of 2 strands, forming a double-helix, contained in chromosomes

107
Q

Gene

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome which codes for a protein

108
Q

Genome

A

The entire set of genetic material of an organism

109
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the DNA

110
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells, such as egg and sperm cells

111
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of a gene

112
Q

Dominant

A

A gene that is expressed in the phenotype when at least one allele is present

113
Q

Recessive

A

A gene that is expressed in the phenotype if both alleles are present

114
Q

Heterozygous

A

Alleles present are different

115
Q

Homozygous

A

Alleles present are the same

116
Q

Genotype

A

Physical characteristics/features

117
Q

Phenotype

A

A disorder of cell membranes where mucus is thick and sticky

118
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

A disorder of cell membranes where mucus is thick and sticky

119
Q

Polydactyly

A

Inherited disorder where the individual has extra digits (fingers or toes)

120
Q

Inherited disorder where the individual has extra digits (fingers or toes)

A

Polydactyly

121
Q

A disorder of cell membranes where mucus is thick and sticky

A

Cystic fibrosis

122
Q

A disorder of cell membranes where mucus is thick and sticky

A

Phenotype

123
Q

Alleles that are present

A

Genotype

124
Q

Alleles present are the same

A

Homozygous

125
Q

Alleles present are different

A

Heterozygous

126
Q

A gene that is expressed in the phenotype if both alleles are present

A

Recesive

127
Q

A gene that is expressed in the phenotype when at least one allele is present

A

Dominant

128
Q

Different versions of a gene

A

Allele

129
Q

Sex cells, such as egg and sperm cells

A

Gametes

130
Q

A change in the DNA

A

Mutation

131
Q

The entire set of genetic material of an organism

A

Genome

132
Q

A small section of DNA on a chromosome which codes for a protein

A

Gene

133
Q

A polymer made up of 2 strands, forming a double-helix, contained in chromosomes

A

DNA

134
Q

Cell division which halves the number of chromosomes, forming gametes

A

Meiosis

135
Q

Involves only one parent with no fusion of gametes

A

Asexual reproduction

136
Q

The fusion of male and female gametes

A

Sexual reproduction

137
Q

Variation

A

Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

138
Q

Evolution

A

A change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through the process of natural selection

139
Q

Natural Selection

A

A process which gives rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment

140
Q

Selective Breeding

A

The process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics

141
Q

Genetic Engeneering

A

A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

142
Q

Fossils

A

The ‘remains’ of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks

143
Q

Extinction

A

There are no remaining individuals of a species still alive

144
Q

Binomial System

A

Naming organisms by their genus and species

145
Q

Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

A

Variation

146
Q

A change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through the process of natural selection

A

Evolution

147
Q

A process which gives rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment

A

Natural Selection

148
Q

The process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics

A

Selective Breeding

149
Q

A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

A

Genetic Engeneering

150
Q

The ‘remains’ of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks

A

Fossils

151
Q

There are no remaining individuals of a species still alive

A

Extinction

152
Q

Naming organisms by their genus and species

A

Binomial System

UK GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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