Key Words - Paper 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
The outer part of the brain responsible for intelligence, language, memory and consciousness
2
Q
Medulla
A
Controls unconscious activities such as heart rate and breathing rate
3
Q
Cerebellum
A
Controls balance, co-ordination of movement and muscular activity
4
Q
MRI
A
Brain scanning technique
5
Q
Accommodation
A
The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects
6
Q
Myopia
A
Short-sightedness
7
Q
Hyperopia
A
Long-sightedness
8
Q
Vasodilation
A
When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin widen and allow more warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, where the heat is lost to the air
9
Q
Vasoconstriction
A
When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin narrow and allow less warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, which reduces heat loss
10
Q
Deamination
A
The removal of the amine group on amino acids to form urea
11
Q
Selective reabsorption
A
When the useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules
12
Q
ADH
A
Hormone released from the pituitary gland which regulates the water concentration of the blood
13
Q
Thyroxine
A
Hormone released from the thyroid gland which stimulates the basal metabolic rate
14
Q
Hormone released from the thyroid gland which stimulates the basal metabolic rate
A
Thyroxine
15
Q
Hormone released from the pituitary gland which regulates the water concentration of the blood
A
ADH
16
Q
When the useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules
A
Selective reabsorption
17
Q
The removal of the amine group on amino acids to form urea
A
Deamination
18
Q
When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin narrow and allow less warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, which reduces heat loss
A
Vasoconstriction
19
Q
When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin widen and allow more warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, where the heat is lost to the air
A
Vasodilation
20
Q
Long-sightedness
A
Hyperopia
21
Q
Short-sightedness
A
Myopia
22
Q
The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects
A
Accommodation
23
Q
Brain scanning technique
A
MRI
24
Q
Controls balance, co-ordination of movement and muscular activity
A
Cerebellum
25
Controls unconscious activities such as heart rate and breathing rate
Medulla
26
The outer part of the brain responsible for intelligence, language, memory and consciousness
Cerebral cortex
27
Decomposers
Organisms that break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting
enzymes into the environment
28
Pyramids of biomass
Constructed to represent the relative
amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. Trophic level 1 is at the
bottom of the pyramid.
29
Food security
Having enough food to feed a population.
30
Mycoprotein
A protein-rich
| food suitable for vegetarians
31
Organisms that break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting
enzymes into the environment
Decomposers
32
Constructed to represent the relative
amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. Trophic level 1 is at the
bottom of the pyramid.
Pyramids of biomass
33
Having enough food to feed a population.
Food security
34
A protein-rich
| food suitable for vegetarians
Mycoprotein
35
Carbon cycle
Returns carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to be used by plants in photosynthesis
36
Water cycle
Provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into seas. Water is continuously evaporated and precipitated
37
Biodiversity
The variety of all the different species of organisms on earth, or within an ecosystem
38
Pollution
Can occur on land, in water, in the air. Pollution kills plants and animals which reduces biodiversity
39
Returns carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to be used by plants in photosynthesis
Carbon cycle
40
Provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into seas. Water is continuously evaporated and precipitated
Water cycle
41
The variety of all the different species of organisms on earth, or within an ecosystem
Biodiversity
42
Can occur on land, in water, in the air. Pollution kills plants and animals which reduces biodiversity
Pollution
43
Ecosystem
Interaction of a community of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment
44
Interdependence
Each species in a community depending on one another e.g. food, shelter, seed dispersal, pollination. If one species is removed, it can affect the whole community
45
Abiotic factors
Non-living factors that can affect a community e.g. light, temperature, soil pH
46
Biotic factors
Living factors that can affect a community e.g. availability of food, new predators arriving, new pathogens
47
Adaptations
Features that enable organisms to survive in the conditions in which they normally live. They could be behavioural, structural or functional
48
Producer
Starts off a food chain. Usually a green plant or alga that photosynthesises. Eaten by primary consumers
49
Quadrat
Square frame used to count organisms to estimate a population, e.g. random sampling
50
Transect
A straight line where samples are taken at regular intervals using a quadrat
51
Predator
Consumer that kills and eats other animals
52
Interaction of a community of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment
Ecosystem
53
Each species in a community depending on one another e.g. food, shelter, seed dispersal, pollination. If one species is removed, it can affect the whole community
Interdependence
54
Non-living factors that can affect a community e.g. light, temperature, soil pH
Abiotic factors
55
Living factors that can affect a community e.g. availability of food, new predators arriving, new pathogens
Biotic factors
56
Features that enable organisms to survive in the conditions in which they normally live. They could be behavioural, structural or functional
Adaptations
57
Starts off a food chain. Usually a green plant or alga that photosynthesises. Eaten by primary consumers
Producer
58
Square frame used to count organisms to estimate a population, e.g. random sampling
Quadrat
59
A straight line where samples are taken at regular intervals using a quadrat
Transect
60
Consumer that kills and eats other animals
Predator
61
Homeostasis
The regulation of internal conditions to maintain optimum conditions in response to changes
62
Stimulus
A change in the environment
63
Receptors
Cells that detect changes in the environment
64
Coordination centres
Receive and process information from receptors. E.g. brain
65
Effectors
Muscles or glands which bring about a response
66
Reflex action
An automatic and rapid action
67
Endocrine system
Consists of glands that release hormones into the blood to get to a target organ to cause a response
68
Insulin
Released from the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels and causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells. It causes glucose to be converted into glycogen for storage in the liver
69
Glucagon
Released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels and causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose and released back into the blood
70
Type 1 diabetes
When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin
71
Type 2 diabetes
When the body cells no longer respond to insulin
72
Oestrogen
Released by the ovaries. Stops FSH being released and stimulates LH to be released
73
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes maturation of the egg in the ovary.
74
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes the egg to be released from the ovary.
75
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Where egg cells are fertilised outside of the body with sperm cells
76
Where egg cells are fertilised outside of the body with sperm cells
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
77
Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes the egg to be released from the ovary.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
78
Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes maturation of the egg in the ovary.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
79
Released by the ovaries. Stops FSH being released and stimulates LH to be released
Oestrogen
80
When the body cells no longer respond to insulin
Type 2 diabetes
81
When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin
Type 1 diabetes
82
Released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels and causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose and released back into the blood
Glucagon
83
Released from the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels and causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells. It causes glucose to be converted into glycogen for storage in the liver
Insulin
84
Consists of glands that release hormones into the blood to get to a target organ to cause a response
Endocrine system
85
An automatic and rapid action
Reflex action
86
Receive and process information from receptors. E.g. brain
Coordination centres
87
Cells that detect changes in the environment
Receptors
88
A change in the environment
Stimulus
89
The regulation of internal conditions to maintain optimum conditions in response to changes
Homeostasis
90
Muscles or glands which bring about a response
Effectors
91
Nucleotide
Sugar + phosphate + base
92
Tissue culture
Method of cloning using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants
93
Cuttings
A simple method used by gardeners to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant
94
Embryo transplants
Method of cloning. Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers
95
Adult cell cloning
Nucleus is placed into empty egg cell and is inserted into the womb of an adult female
96
Speciation
Formation of a new species through natural selection from an isolated population
97
Formation of a new species through natural selection from an isolated population
Speciation
98
Nucleus is placed into empty egg cell and is inserted into the womb of an adult female
Adult cell cloning
99
Method of cloning. Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers
Embryo transplants
100
A simple method used by gardeners to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant
Cuttings
101
Method of cloning using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants
Tissue culture
102
Sugar + phosphate + base
Nucleotide
103
Sexual reproduction
The fusion of male and female gametes
104
Asexual reproduction
Involves only one parent with no fusion of gametes
105
Meiosis
Cell division which halves the number of chromosomes, forming gametes
106
DNA
A polymer made up of 2 strands, forming a double-helix, contained in chromosomes
107
Gene
A small section of DNA on a chromosome which codes for a protein
108
Genome
The entire set of genetic material of an organism
109
Mutation
A change in the DNA
110
Gametes
Sex cells, such as egg and sperm cells
111
Allele
Different versions of a gene
112
Dominant
A gene that is expressed in the phenotype when at least one allele is present
113
Recessive
A gene that is expressed in the phenotype if both alleles are present
114
Heterozygous
Alleles present are different
115
Homozygous
Alleles present are the same
116
Genotype
Physical characteristics/features
117
Phenotype
A disorder of cell membranes where mucus is thick and sticky
118
Cystic fibrosis
A disorder of cell membranes where mucus is thick and sticky
119
Polydactyly
Inherited disorder where the individual has extra digits (fingers or toes)
120
Inherited disorder where the individual has extra digits (fingers or toes)
Polydactyly
121
A disorder of cell membranes where mucus is thick and sticky
Cystic fibrosis
122
A disorder of cell membranes where mucus is thick and sticky
Phenotype
123
Alleles that are present
Genotype
124
Alleles present are the same
Homozygous
125
Alleles present are different
Heterozygous
126
A gene that is expressed in the phenotype if both alleles are present
Recesive
127
A gene that is expressed in the phenotype when at least one allele is present
Dominant
128
Different versions of a gene
Allele
129
Sex cells, such as egg and sperm cells
Gametes
130
A change in the DNA
Mutation
131
The entire set of genetic material of an organism
Genome
132
A small section of DNA on a chromosome which codes for a protein
Gene
133
A polymer made up of 2 strands, forming a double-helix, contained in chromosomes
DNA
134
Cell division which halves the number of chromosomes, forming gametes
Meiosis
135
Involves only one parent with no fusion of gametes
Asexual reproduction
136
The fusion of male and female gametes
Sexual reproduction
137
Variation
Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population
138
Evolution
A change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through the process of natural selection
139
Natural Selection
A process which gives rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment
140
Selective Breeding
The process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics
141
Genetic Engeneering
A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic
142
Fossils
The ‘remains’ of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks
143
Extinction
There are no remaining individuals of a species still alive
144
Binomial System
Naming organisms by their genus and species
145
Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population
Variation
146
A change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through the process of natural selection
Evolution
147
A process which gives rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment
Natural Selection
148
The process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics
Selective Breeding
149
A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic
Genetic Engeneering
150
The ‘remains’ of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks
Fossils
151
There are no remaining individuals of a species still alive
Extinction
152
Naming organisms by their genus and species
Binomial System
