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UK GCSE Biology > Key Words - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Key Words - Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Cell with a nucleus

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2
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Cell without a nucleus

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3
Q

Sub-cellular structures

A

Small structures inside a cell e.g. nucleus

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions take place

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6
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made

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9
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs

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10
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap

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11
Q

Differentiation

A

When a cell becomes a specialised cell–

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division where one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides

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13
Q

Stem cell

A

Cells that are undifferentiated but can turn into any type of cell

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14
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of particles from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration down a concentration gradient

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15
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of WATER from a DILUTE solution to a MORE CONCENTRATED solution

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16
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of particles, e.g. mineral ions, from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration, AGAINST the concentration gradient, using ENERGY

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17
Q

Cell with a nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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18
Q

Cell without a nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

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19
Q

Small structures inside a cell e.g. nucleus

A

Sub-cellular structures

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20
Q

Contains DNA

A

Nucleus

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21
Q

Where chemical reactions take place

A

Cytoplasm

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22
Q

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

A

Cell membrane

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23
Q

Where aerobic respiration takes place

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

Where proteins are made

A

Ribosomes

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25
Q

Where photosynthesis occurs

A

Chloroplasts

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26
Q

Contains cell sap

A

Vacuole

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27
Q

When a cell becomes a specialised cell

A

Differentiation

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28
Q

Cell division where one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides

A

Mitosis

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29
Q

Cells that are undifferentiated but can turn into any type of cell

A

Stem cell

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30
Q

The movement of particles from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration down a concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

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31
Q

The movement of WATER from a DILUTE solution to a MORE CONCENTRATED solution

A

Osmosis

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32
Q

The movement of particles, e.g. mineral ions, from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration, AGAINST the concentration gradient, using ENERGY

A

Active transport

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33
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants make glucose using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight

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34
Q

Respiration

A

The process by which ENERGY is RELEASED from glucose

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35
Q

Limiting factor

A

Factor that is slowing down the rate of photosynthesis when it is not present

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36
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration where oxygen is used to release lots of energy

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37
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration where oxygen is NOT used and releases only small amount of energy

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38
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast

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39
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the built up lactic acid and remove it from the cells

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40
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions in a cell or the body

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41
Q

The process by which plants make glucose using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight

A

Photosynthesis

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42
Q

The process by which ENERGY is RELEASED from glucose

A

Respiration

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43
Q

Factor that is slowing down the rate of photosynthesis when it is not present

A

Limiting factor

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44
Q

Respiration where oxygen is used to release lots of energy

A

Aerobic respiration

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45
Q

Respiration where oxygen is NOT used and releases only small amount of energy

A

Anaerobic respiration

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46
Q

Anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

Fermentation

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47
Q

The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the built up lactic acid and remove it from the cells

A

Oxygen debt

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48
Q

All of the chemical reactions in a cell or the body

A

Metabolism

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49
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein with an active site of a specific shape which speeds up reactions

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50
Q

Carbohydrases

A

Enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars

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51
Q

Amylase

A

A carbohydrase enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars

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52
Q

Protease

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids

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53
Q

Lipase

A

An enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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54
Q

Lipids

A

Fats and oils

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55
Q

Bile

A

Alkaline substance produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It neutralises stomach acid and breaks down fats into small droplets

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56
Q

Emulsify

A

Break down into small droplets

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57
Q

Xylem

A

Plant tissue that transports WATER and dissolved mineral ions UP the plant

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58
Q

Phloem

A

Plant tissue that transports SUGARS UP and DOWN a plant

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59
Q

Meristem

A

Plant tissue found in the growing tips of roots and shoots

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60
Q

Stomata

A

Small holes underneath the leaf to allow gases to move in and out of the leaf

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61
Q

Guard cells

A

Cells that open and close the stomata to reduce water loss

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62
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Layer of cells in the leaf that allow gases to exchange

63
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Layer of cells in the leaf that contain lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

64
Q

Epidermal tissues

A

Layers of cells at the top of the leaf and the bottom of the leaf

65
Q

Aorta

A

Major artery that carries OXYGENATED blood from the heart to the body cells

66
Q

Vena cava

A

Major vein that carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the body cells to the heart

67
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Major artery that carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen

68
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Major vein that carries OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the heart

69
Q

Valves

A

Stop blood flowing backwards

70
Q

Artery

A

Blood vessel that carries blood AWAY from the heart

71
Q

Vein

A

Blood vessel that carries blood into the heart

72
Q

Capillary

A

Blood vessels that transport blood deep into the tissues to deliver oxygen and glucose

73
Q

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

Layers of fatty material built up in the coronary arteries, narrowing them, reducing blood flow

74
Q

Stents

A

Used to keep the coronary arteries open

75
Q

Statins

A

Drugs to reduce blood cholesterol

76
Q

Risk factor

A

Linked to an increased rate of a disease

77
Q

Benign tumour

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area

78
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Cancers that invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body

79
Q

Protein with an active site of a specific shape which speeds up reactions

80
Q

Enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars

A

Carbohydrases

81
Q

A carbohydrase enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars

82
Q

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids

83
Q

An enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

84
Q

Fats and oils

85
Q

Alkaline substance produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It neutralises stomach acid and breaks down fats into small droplets

86
Q

Break down into small droplets

87
Q

Plant tissue that transports WATER and dissolved mineral ions UP the plant

88
Q

Plant tissue that transports SUGARS UP and DOWN a plant

89
Q

Plant tissue found in the growing tips of roots and shoots

90
Q

Small holes underneath the leaf to allow gases to move in and out of the leaf

91
Q

Cells that open and close the stomata to reduce water loss

A

Guard cells

92
Q

Layer of cells in the leaf that allow gases to exchange

A

Spongy mesophyll

93
Q

Layer of cells in the leaf that contain lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

A

Palisade mesophyll

94
Q

Layers of cells at the top of the leaf and the bottom of the leaf

A

Epidermal tissues

95
Q

Major artery that carries OXYGENATED blood from the heart to the body cells

96
Q

Major vein that carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the body cells to the heart

97
Q

Major artery that carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen

A

Pulmonary artery

98
Q

Major vein that carries OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the heart

A

Pulmonary vein

99
Q

Stop blood flowing backwards

100
Q

Blood vessel that carries blood AWAY from the heart

101
Q

Blood vessel that carries blood into the heart

102
Q

Blood vessels that transport blood deep into the tissues to deliver oxygen and glucose

103
Q

Layers of fatty material built up in the coronary arteries, narrowing them, reducing blood flow

A

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

104
Q

Used to keep the coronary arteries open

105
Q

Drugs to reduce blood cholesterol

106
Q

Linked to an increased rate of a disease

A

Risk factor

107
Q

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area

A

Benign tumour

108
Q

Cancers that invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body

A

Malignant tumour

109
Q

Communicable

A

Infectious

110
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganism that causes disease, e.g. bacteria, fungi, virus, protist

111
Q

Measles

A

Viral disease with symptoms of a fever and red skin rash

112
Q

HIV

A

Virus that causes a flu-like illness but damages the immune system and develops into AIDS

113
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

A

Plant virus causing discolouration of the leaves that affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis

114
Q

Salmonella

A

Bacterial disease which causes food poisoning

115
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

STD with symptoms of a thick yellow/green discharge and pain when urinating

116
Q

Rose black spot

A

Fungal plant disease where purple/black spots develop on the leaves which turn yellow and drop off

117
Q

Malaria

A

Disease caused by a protist where mosquitos are the vector

118
Q

Vector

A

An organism that transports a disease from person to person

119
Q

Phagocytosis

A

White blood cells engulf and digest pathogens

120
Q

Antibodies

A

Produced by white blood cells to help kill pathogens

121
Q

Placebo

122
Q

Double-blind trial

A

A clinical trial where both the patient and the doctor do not know if the patient has been given a real drug or the placebo (fake drug)

123
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies specific to one binding site on one protein antigen

124
Q

Hybridoma

A

A combination of a lymphocyte with a tumour cell

125
Q

Nitrate deficiency

A

Causes stunted growth in plants

126
Q

Magnesium deficiency

A

Causes chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) in plants

127
Q

Physical defence

A

Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. tough waxy cuticle

128
Q

Chemical defence

A

Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. poisons

129
Q

Mechanical defence

A

Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. leaves which droop when touched

130
Q

Infectious

A

Communicable

131
Q

Microorganism that causes disease, e.g. bacteria, fungi, virus, protist

132
Q

Viral disease with symptoms of a fever and red skin rash

133
Q

Virus that causes a flu-like illness but damages the immune system and develops into AIDS

134
Q

Plant virus causing discolouration of the leaves that affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis

A

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

135
Q

Bacterial disease which causes food poisoning

A

Salmonella

136
Q

STD with symptoms of a thick yellow/green discharge and pain when urinating

A

Gonorrhoea

137
Q

Fungal plant disease where purple/black spots develop on the leaves which turn yellow and drop off

A

Rose black spot

138
Q

Disease caused by a protist where mosquitos are the vector

139
Q

An organism that transports a disease from person to person

140
Q

White blood cells engulf and digest pathogens

A

Phagocytosis

141
Q

Produced by white blood cells to help kill pathogens

A

Antibodies

142
Q

Fake drug

143
Q

A clinical trial where both the patient and the doctor do not know if the patient has been given a real drug or the placebo (fake drug)

A

Double-blind trial

144
Q

Antibodies specific to one binding site on one protein antigen

A

Monoclonal antibodies

145
Q

A combination of a lymphocyte with a tumour cell

146
Q

Causes stunted growth in plants

A

Nitrate deficiency

147
Q

Causes chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) in plants

A

Magnesium deficiency

148
Q

Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. tough waxy cuticle

A

Physical defence

149
Q

Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. poisons

A

Chemical defence

150
Q

Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. leaves which droop when touched

A

Mechanical defence

151
Q

Inserting small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production

A

Vaccination

152
Q

Vaccination

A

Inserting small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production

153
Q

Antibiotics

A

Medicines that cure bacterial infections by killing bacteria

154
Q

Medicines that cure bacterial infections by killing bacteria

A

Antibiotics

UK GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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