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UK GCSE Biology > B3 Infection And Response > Flashcards

B3 Infection And Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

Define Communicable Disease

A

Diseases that can be spread from person to person or between animals and people.

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3
Q

Define Non-Communicable Disease

A

Diseases that can not be spread from person to person or between animals and people.

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4
Q

What are the four pathogens and what type of organism are they?

A

Bacteria - prokaryotic cells
Virus - 1/100th of the size of bacteria - not cells (little machines)
Protists (includes parasites) - eukaryotic cells
Fungi - cells

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5
Q

What are the three main ways that pathogens spread?

A

Water,
Air,
Direct contact.

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6
Q

Name 3 viral diseases

A

Measles,
HIV,
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

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7
Q

How is Measles transmitted?

A

Droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough.

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8
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Sexual contact or exchanging of bodily fluids.

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9
Q

What happens to people with Measles?

A

Develop a red rash
Show signs of fever
Can cause complications (pneumonia - lungs, or encephalitis - brain)

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10
Q

What happens to people with HIV?

A

Flu-like symptoms

Damages the immune system

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11
Q

What happens to plants infected with TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus)?

A

Mosaic patterns on leaves
Discolouration of leaves
Can not carry out photosynthesis

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12
Q

Name a Fungal Disease which affects plants

A

Rose Black Spots

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13
Q

How can Rose Black Spots be treated?

A

Using fungicides and stripping infected leaves

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14
Q

What happens to plants with Rose Black Spots?

A

Their leaves get black or purple spots so they can not photosynthesise. They then turn yellow and fall off.

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15
Q

What plants are affected by Rose Black Spots?

A

Rose leaves!!

well nah!

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16
Q

Name a Disease caused by a protist

A

Malaria

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17
Q

What species are vectors for malaria?

A

Mosquitos

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18
Q

What is a vector (in terms of protists)?

A

An organism which carries a parasite without getting the disease itself

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19
Q

How do we prevent the spread of malaria?

A

Using insecticides and mosquito nets to avoid getting bitten

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20
Q

What happens to people with Malaria?

A

Repeating episodes of strong fever

Can be fatal

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21
Q

Name two Bacterial Diseases

A

Salmonella and Gonorrhoea

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22
Q

What happens to people with Salmonella?

A

Fever, Stomach cramps, Vomiting and Diarrhoea

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23
Q

How can you get Salmonella?

A

Food Poisoning
You get Salmonella when you eat contaminated foods that has caught the disease either when it was alive or by being prepared in unhygienic conditions

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24
Q

How can you get Gonorrhoea?

A

Gonorrhoea is an STD (sexually transmitted disease) meaning it is transmitted through un-protected sex

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25
What happens to people with Gonorrhoea?
Pain when urinating | Thick, yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis
26
How can we prevent Salmonella?
Good hygiene when cooking and cooking food thoroughly | We can also vaccinate poultry
27
How can we prevent Gonorrhoea?
Condoms and other barrier contraception
28
What are the four main ways of reducing the spread of communicable disease?
Being Hygienic Destroying vectors Isolating infected individuals Vaccinations
29
Define Primary Defence
First line of defence against pathogens | skin, earwax
30
Define Secondary Defence
Second line of defence against pathogens, incase they get past the primary defence (white blood cells)
31
How is skin specialised to protect against pathogens?
Acts as a barrier | Has antimicrobial substances
32
How are hair and mucus in the nose specialised to protect against pathogens?
They trap particles containing pathogens.
33
How are the trachea ad bronchi specialised to protect against pathogens?
Secrete mucus to trap pathogens | Lined with hair-like cilia which waft this mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed
34
How is the stomach specialised to protect against pathogens?
Produces hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens that enter the body
35
What is the function of white blood cells?
Fight infection
36
What are the three ways white blood cells fight infection?
Engulfing pathogens Producing antibodies Producing antitoxins
37
What is the name given to the process by which white blood cells engulf pathogens?
Phagocytosis
38
What do vaccinations contain?
Dead or inactive form of a pathogen
39
What is the function of vaccines?
Preventing diseases
40
How do vaccines work?
Dead or inactive forms of a pathogen are put into the bloodstream The white blood cells detect antigens on their exterior and produce antibodies to fit them In future, if infected, the white blood cells will know exactly how to deal with the invasion and will react quickly
41
What are the negatives of vaccinations
Don't always work | Could have a bad reaction
42
What drug would help kill bacterial pathogens that have infected the body?
Antibiotics
43
What are the functions of cold remedies and painkillers?
To ease the symptoms of a disease | They DO NOT kill the pathogen or tackle the cause
44
Would you treat a cold or flu with antibiotics?
No as they are viruses, it is very difficult to create drugs for these without damaging the body cells
45
What does it mean if bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?
They mutate to resist the effects of this bacteria
46
How can we avoid bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?
Not over-prescribing them | Finishing full courses of antibiotics
47
What was aspirin developed from?
A chemical in willow
48
What was digitalis developed from?
A chemical in foxgloves
49
What is aspirin?
A common painkiller
50
What is digitalis?
A medicine used to treat heart conditions
51
What was penicillin developed from?
A mold on a petri dish
52
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
53
What are the three stages of drug testing?
Testing on human cells and tissues Testing on animals Testing on human volunteers
54
What are most drugs derived from?
Plants | Microorganisms
55
Why must we test on organisms after trials on human cells and tissues?
We do not get an understanding on how the drug works in an organ system
56
What do we attempt to understand when we test new drugs on animals?
To understand how it works in a system To test efficacy (has the desired effect) To calculate the dosage To understand the toxicity
57
Why must we test on healthy volunteers before those with the disease?
To see how the body reacts in a healthy immune system
58
What is a placebo?
A substance that seems like the drug being tested but doesn't actually do anything (sugar pill)
59
Why do we test a group of infected people as well as a placebo group?
To ensure we take out the development of the disease and the placebo effect from the experiment
60
Describe the placebo effect
When you are given something (such as a drug) and because you think it works, you begin to feel better
61
What is a blind trial?
The patients do not know if they have the placebo or not but doctors do
62
What is a double-blind trial?
Neither patients nor doctors know who has the placebo
63
Why are double-blind trials generally more reliable than blind trials?
The doctors will not dismiss or over-invest in any patients and will take every patients inquiry the same as they will not be sub-consciously influenced by the knowledge of who has the real drug
64
What types of white blood produce antibodies?
B-lymphocytes
65
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Antibodies cloned in a laboratory
66
What are hybridoma?
A tumour fused with B-lymphocytes | These mean that the B-lymphocytes multiply and create monoclonal antibodies faster
67
How can we use Monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tests?
HCG is found in the urine of pregnant women A pregnant woman pees on a stick which has antibodies to the hormones If they link to the hormone the test shows pregnant and if they don't it shows not pregnant
68
Why do the same monoclonal antibodies not work for everything?
Each antibody targets a specific chemical or cell
69
What is an advantages to using monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment?
Unlike other treatments, they target specific cells and thus do not harm the rest of the body
70
What is a disadvantages to using monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment?
Have more side effects than was first expected- fever vomiting low blood pressure
71
What do plants need nitrate ions for?
They are needed to make proteins and therefore for growth
72
What do plants need magnesium ions for?
They are used to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis
73
What happens to plants who do not have enough nitrate ions?
Stunted growth
74
What happens to plants who do not have enough magnesium ions?
Suffer from chlorosis and have yellow leaves
75
What are 6 signs that a plant has a disease?
``` Discolouration Stunted growth Spots on leaves Abnormal growths Patches of decay (rot) Malformed stems/leaves ```
76
What are cell walls made of?
Cellulose
77
What barrier defence do plants have?
``` Waxy Cuticle (and epidermis) Layer of dead cells around the stem ```
78
Describe three mechanical defences of plants
Thorns/ Hairs Mimic other organisms Droop/Curl when touched

UK GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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