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UK GCSE Biology > B1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

Small, simple cells which often form single-cellular organisms
(e.g: bacteria)

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2
Q

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

Complex cells which often form multi cellular life forms

e.g: animals

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3
Q

Describe the Nucleus

A

Contains the cells genetic material

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4
Q

In which cells can a Nucleus be found?

A

Any Eukaryotic cell

See Figure 1

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5
Q

In which cells can Cytoplasm be found?

A

Any cell

See Figure 1/2

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6
Q

In which cells can Cell Membranes be found?

A

Any Cell

See Figure 1/2

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7
Q

In which cells can Cell Walls be found?

A

Eukaryotic plant cells and Prokaryotic cells

See Figure 1/2

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8
Q

In which cells can Chloroplasts be found?

A

Only Eukaryotic plant cells

See Figure 1

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9
Q

In which cells can Ribosomes be found?

A

Any Eukaryotic cell

See Figure 1

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10
Q

In which cells can Mitochondria be found?

A

Any Eukaryotic cell

See Figure 1

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11
Q

In which cells can Plasmids be found?

A

Any Prokaryotic cell

See Figure 2

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12
Q

In which cells can a Vacuole be found?

A

Eukaryotic plant cells

See Figure 1

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13
Q

Describe the Cytoplasm

A

Gel like substance where most of the chemical reactions occur.

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14
Q

Describe the Plasmids

A

Small Rings of DNA

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15
Q

Describe the Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap to strengthen the cell

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16
Q

Describe the Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

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17
Q

Describe the Ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

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18
Q

Describe the Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll - where photosynthesis occurs

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19
Q

Describe the Cell Wall

A

Made of cellulose - strengthens the cell

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20
Q

Describe the Cell Membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell - holds the cell together

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21
Q

What is the difference between a light and an electron microscope?

A

Light -
Use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it
Can see individual cells and large sub-cellular structures
Electron -
Use electrons to form an image
Have higher resolution and magnification
Can see smaller internal structures

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22
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

image size/ real size

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23
Q

What is a slide?

A

A strip of clear glass or plastic on which a specimen can be mounted before seeing it on a microscope

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24
Q

Which lens should you use first on a light microscope?

A

The lowest-powered objective lens

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25
What does the coarse adjustment knob on the microscope do?
Moves the stage up and down
26
What does the fine adjustment knob on the microscope do?
Correct the resolution
27
What do you change if you want greater magnification on a microscope?
Use a higher-powered objective lens
28
What is differentiation
A process by which cells change and become specified to their function
29
Until when can animal cells undergo differentiation?
Lost at an early stage, after becoming specialised
30
Until when can plant cells undergo differentiation?
Forever
31
Define Stem Cell
An undifferentiated cell
32
How is a sperm cell specialised?
Long tail and streamline head to swim to the egg Many mitochondria for energy Carries enzymes in the head to digest the egg membrane
33
How is a nerve cell specialised?
Very long | Branched connectives to connect to other nerve cells and form a network
34
How is a muscle cell specialised?
Long so that they can contract | Many mitochondria for energy
35
How is a root hair cell specialised?
Large surface area for absorbing most water and mineral ions
36
How is a phloem cell specialised?
Few sub cellular structures so that substances can flow through
37
How is a xylem cell specialised?
No sub cellular structures so that substances can flow through
38
What is contained by the nucleus?
Genetic Information
39
What are chromosomes?
Coiled up lengths of DNA
40
What are genes?
A section of a chromosome which controls a certain characteristic A single chromosome may contain many
41
How many chromosomes in most cells?
``` 23 pairs (46 total) (egg and sperm have only 23 chromosomes) ```
42
How do body cells reproduce?
Divide
43
What is the name of the process during which cells are dividing?
Mitosis
44
What is the name of the time during which cells are not actively dividing?
Interphase
45
What is Cytokinesis?
The section of mitosis when the cell splits into two daughter cells
46
What happens in a cell during interphase?
Growing and increasing amount of sub-cellular structures | Create exact copies of all of its chromosomes
47
What happens in a cell during mitosis?
Half of each chromosome is pulled to either end of the cell | Membranes form around the two new sets of DNA (this is the nucleus)
48
What happens in a cell during cytokinesis (still also mitosis)?
The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide | They now have two identical daughter cells
49
What is the process by which prokaryotic cells divide?
Binary Fission
50
Describe the process of binary fission
Plasmids and circular DNA replicate Plasmids and circular DNA move to opposite poles Cytoplasm divides and new cell walls begin to form Two daughter cells are produced
51
Are the daughter cells of binary fission identical?
Not always | The have the same circular DNA but may have varying numbers of plasmids
52
What happens to bacteria cells if under unfavourable conditions?
They die :-(
53
What do culture mediums contain?
Carbohydrates, Minerals, Protein and Vitamins
54
What is grown under cultured conditions?
Bacteria and some other microorganisms
55
Give to examples of cultured mediums
Nutrient broth Solution | Solid agar jelly
56
What is a colony?
The area bacteria spread to occupy on agar jelly
57
What is an inhibition zone?
A clear area in which the bacteria have died around an antibiotic/antiseptic
58
What is contamination?
When unwanted substances come into contact with your experiment
59
How would you sterilise an inoculating loop?
Flame
60
Why should petri dishes be stored upside down?
To prevent condensation falling on the agar surface
61
How do you calculate area of inhibition zones?
Area = πr^2
62
How could we compare the effectiveness of different antibiotics?
Create agar plates with several examples of different antibiotics (including a control) Store them for a few days upside down Measure and calculate the area of inhibition The greater the area the greater the effectiveness
63
Where can stem cells be found in humans?
Embryos | Adult Bone Marrow
64
What cells can embryonic cells differentiate to?
Any human cell
65
What cells can adult cells differentiate to?
Limited cells for repair of tissues
66
How can we make stem cells useful?
We can produce clones
67
What is therapeutic cloning?
Using stem cells from an embryo with the same genetic information as a patient This prevents rejection from the body
68
Why must stem cell research follow such strict guidelines?
People feel it is taking away a potential life and thus immoral
69
What is a Meristem Cell?
An undifferentiated plant cell
70
Define Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
71
In what states of matter does diffusion occur?
Liquid and Gas
72
How does concentration gradient affect the speed of diffusion?
The greater the concentration gradient, the greater the rate of diffusion
73
How does temperature affect the speed of diffusion?
The greater the temperature, the greater the rate of diffusion as particles have more energy
74
Define Osmosis
The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
75
What is a partially permeable membrane?
One with very small holes
76
Define Active Transport
The movement of substances against the concentration gradient?
77
Which type of transport requires energy?
Active Transport
78
What is surface area:volume ratio?
How large the surface area of something isn compared to how big it is overall
79
Give an example where a plant uses active transport
Root Hair Cells take in minerals from soil despite having more inside than out
80
Give an example where a human uses active transport
Taking glucose from the gut and from kidney tubules
81
What happens when there is a lower concentration of nutrients (glucose and amino acids) in the gut than the blood?
Active Transport
82
How are nutrients in the gut usually transported into the blood?
Diffusion as there is USUALLY a negative concentration gradient
83
What nutrients are exchanged between the gut and blood?
Amino Acids | Glucose
84
How are alveoli adapted for maximum diffusion?
Large Surface area (75m^2) Moist Lining Thin Walls Good blood supply
85
What are the projections in the small intestine called?
Villi
86
What do the villi do?
Allow digested food to be absorbed more quickly into the bood
87
How are villi adapted for maximum absorption?
Large Surface Area Single layer of surface cells Good blood supply
88
What substances travel through the stomata?
Oxygen, water vapour out | CO2 in
89
What is the gas exchange surface on a fish?
Gills
90
How do fish respire?
Water comes in through the mouth and oxygen in this then diffuses through the gills into the respiratory system
91
How do gills increase thie surface area?
They have gill filaments (thin plates that make up each gill) They have lamellae on the filaments which further increase the surgace area

UK GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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