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Biology topic 4 exchange and transport > key words > Flashcards

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1
Q

passive transport

A

transport that takes place because of pressure or biochemistry and no energy involved

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2
Q

active transport

A

movement of substances with ATP produced after cellular respiration

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3
Q

diffusion

A

movement of liquid or gas down concentration gradient from high to low

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4
Q

facillitated osmosis

A

diffusion that takes place through carrier proteins or protein channels

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5
Q

osmosis

A

movement of solvent molecules down concentration gradient

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6
Q

endocytosis

A

movement of large molecules into cells through vescicle formation

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7
Q

exocytosis

A

movement of large molecules out of cell by fusing with vescicle to surface membrane.
requires ATP

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8
Q

osmotic concentration

A

measure of concentration of the solutes that have osmotic effect

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9
Q

isotonic solution

A

when the osmotic concentration of solutes same as that in cells

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10
Q

hypotonic solution

A

when osmotic concentration of solutes lower than in cells

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11
Q

hypertonic solution

A

when osmotic concentration of solutes higher than that in cell contents

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12
Q

pressure potential

A

measure of inward pressure by plant cell wall on protoplasm of cell opposing entry of osmosis,
usually has positive value

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13
Q

turgor

A

state of plant cell when solute potential causing water to be moved into cell by osmosis is balanced by force of cell wall pressure

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14
Q

incipient plasmolysis

A

when so much water has moved out of cell that turgor is lost and cell membrane begins to pull away from cell wall as protoplasm shrinks

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15
Q

plasmolysis

A

when plant cell placed in hypertonic solution when so much water leaves the cell that vacuole is reduced and protoplasm concentrated and shrinks away from cell wall

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16
Q

water potential

A

measure of potential for water to move out of solution by osmosis

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17
Q

turgor potential

A

measure of inward pressure exerted by plant cell wall on protoplasm of cell as cell expands and press outwards

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18
Q

osmotic potential

A

measure of potential of solution to cause water to move into cell across PPM as a result of dissolved solutes

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19
Q

carrier proteins

A

proteins that move a substance through the membrane in active transport

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20
Q

cyanide

A

metabolic poison that stops mitochondria from working

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21
Q

phagocytosis

A

active process when a cell engulfs something large and encloses it in a vescicle

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22
Q

pinocytosis

A

active process by which cells take tiny amounts of extracellular fluid into vesicles

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23
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A

relationship between surface area and volume of organism

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24
Q

lung surfactant

A

special phospholipid that coats alveoli and makes breathing easier

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25
Q

mass transport system

A

arrangement of structures by which substances transported in flow of fluid with mechanism for moving it around the body

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26
Q

breathing

A

physical movement of chest change pressure that air is moved in or out

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27
Q

gills

A

organs of gas exchange in fish

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28
Q

operculum

A

bony protective flap that covers gills of bony fish

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29
Q

counter current exchange system

A

system in which two fluid components flow in opposite directions and some properties are exchanges between the two fluids

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30
Q

spongy mesophyll cells

A

cells inside leaf of plant where gas exchange takes place

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31
Q

stomata

A

specialised pores found in epidermis on underside of leaf through gases come in and out of cell

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32
Q

guard cells

A

cells that open and close the stomatal pores controlling rate of gas exchange

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33
Q

lenticels

A

spongy areas with loosely packed cells site of gas exchange in woody stems and roots

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34
Q

spiracles

A

opening along

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35
Q

trachea

A

largest tubes of the insect respiratory system, carrying air directly into the body for gas exchange with the cells.
-they both run into and along the body of the insect

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36
Q

tracheoles

A

small tubes of small diameter that are site of gaseous exchange in insects

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37
Q

single circulation system

A

-circulation in which heart pumps blood to organs of gas exchange and blood then travels on around body before returning to heart

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38
Q

double circulatory system

A

-circulation involves two systems- one of deox blood flowing from heart to gas exchange organs and back oxygenated to heart
-one of ox blood leaving heart and flowing around body returning deox blood to heart

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39
Q

systemic circulation

A

-carries ox blood from heart to cells of body where oxygen is used, carries deox blood back to the heart

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40
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

carries deox blood to lungs and ox blood back to the heart

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41
Q

cardiovascular system

A

mass transport system of the body made up of series of vessels with a pump to move blood through the vessels

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42
Q

haemoglobin

A

-red pigment that carries oxygen and gives erythrocytes colour

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43
Q

granulocytes

A

leucocytes that have gracnules in cytoplasm of cell that take up stain
-have lobed nuclei

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44
Q

neutrophils

A

-part of non specific immune system
-have multilobed nuclei
-engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis
-make up 70% of leucocytes

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45
Q

eosinophils

A

-part of non specific immune system
-stained by red eosin stain
-against parasites
-allergic reactions and immunity for diseases

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46
Q

basophils

A

-part of non specific immune system
-have two lobed nucleus
-produce histamines in inflammation and allergic reactions

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47
Q

agranulocytes

A

-leucosytes
-dont have granules
-unlobed nuclei
-

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48
Q

monocytes

A

-specific immune system
-largest of leucocytes
-can move out of blood to form macrophages
-engulf pathogens by phagocytosis

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49
Q

lymphocytes

A

-small leucocytes
-large nuclei

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50
Q

platelets

A

involved in clotting mechanism of the blood

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51
Q

megakaryocytes

A

-large cells found in bone marrow and produce platelets

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52
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

molecule formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin

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53
Q

bohr effect

A

-change in oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin that occur because of rise in carbon dioxide levels and reduction of affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

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54
Q

fetal haemoglobin

A

-found in developing fetus with higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin

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55
Q

myoglobin

A

-respiratory pigment found in muscle tissue of vertebrates with higher affinity for oxygen that adult haemoglobin

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56
Q

carbaminohaemoglobin

A

-formed when carbon dioxide and water react to form carbonic acid

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57
Q

serotonin

A

-chemical that causes the smooth muscle of blood vessels to contract, narrowing them and cutting of blood to flow to damaged area

58
Q

thromboplastin

A

-enzyme that sets in cascade of events that lead to clot forming

59
Q

prothrombin

A

-large soluble protein found in plasma that is precursor to enzyme called thrombin

60
Q

thrombin

A

-enzyme that acts on fibrinogen converting it to fibrin during clot formation

61
Q

fibrin

A

-insoluble protein
-forms mesh fibres to trap blood cells and platelets to form blood clot

62
Q

arteries

A

vessels that carry blood away from heart towards cells of the body

63
Q

veins

A

-vessels that carry blood towards heart from the cells of the body

64
Q

capillaries

A

-minute vessels that spread throughout tissues of the body

65
Q

lumen

A

-central space inside the blood vessel

66
Q

arterioles

A

-smallest branches of arterial system
-furthest from the heart

67
Q

peripheral arteries

A

-arteries further away from the heart but before the arterioles

68
Q

venules

A

-smallest branches of venous system, furthest system away from heart

69
Q

inferior vena cava

A

-large vein that carries returning blood from lower parts of body to the heart

70
Q

superior vena cava

A

large vein that carries returning blood from upper parts of body to heart

71
Q

semilunar valves

A

-half moon shapes one way valves found at frequent intervals throughout venous system to prevent backflow of blood

72
Q

septum

A

thick muscular dividing wall through centre of heart and prevents oxygen and deox blood from mixing

73
Q

cardiac muscle

A

special muscle tissue makes up bulk of heart
-has intrinsic rythmicity and doesnt fatigue

74
Q

ritgh atrium

A

-upper right hand chamber
-recieves deox blood from body

75
Q

right ventricle

A

chamber that receives deox blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the lungs

76
Q

tricuspid valve (atrioventricular valve)

A

-valve between right atrium and right ventricle that prevents backflow of blood from ventricle to the atrium when the ventricle contracts

77
Q

tendinous cords

A

makes sure valves are not turned inside out by pressure exerted when ventricles contract

78
Q

pulmonary artery

A

blood vessels that carry deox blood from heart to lungs

79
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry ox blood back from lungs to heart

80
Q

left atrium

A

-upper left hand chamber of heart that receives ox blood from the lungs

81
Q

left ventricle

A

-chamber that receives ox blood from the left atrium and pumps it around the body

82
Q

bicuspid valve

A

-valve between left atrium and left ventricle that prevents backflow of blood into atrium when ventricle contracts

83
Q

aorta

A

-main artery of body
-leaves left ventricle of heart carrying ox blood under high pressure

84
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart

85
Q

atrial systole

A

when atria of the heart contract

86
Q

ventricular systole

A

-when ventricles of heart contract

87
Q

diastole

A

when heart relaxes and fills with blood

88
Q

cardiac cycle

A

cycle of contraction and relaxation of heart

89
Q

intrinsic rhythmicity

A

intrinsic rhythm of contraction and relaxation in the cardiac muscle making up heart

90
Q

sinoatrial node

A

group of cells in right atrium
-area of heart with fastest intrinsic rhythm and acts as the hearts own pacemaker

91
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

non conducting tissue provides support for the heart and spreads between atria and ventricles preventing wave of excitation that spreads through atria from passing directly onto ventricles

92
Q

atrioventricular node

A

-group of cells stimulated by wave of excitation from SAN and atria
-imposes delay before transmitting impulse to bundle of His

93
Q

bundle of His

A

group of conducting fibres in septum of the heart

94
Q

purkyne tissue

A

made of conducting fibres that penetrate down through septum of heart spreading between and around ventricles

95
Q

electrocardiogram

A

used to investigate rhythms of heart by producing record of electrical activity of heart

96
Q

atherosclerosis

A

condition in which yellow fatty deposits build up on the lining of the arteries, causing them to be narrowed

97
Q

plaques

A

yellowish fatty deposits that form on the inside of arteries in atherosclerosis

98
Q

atheroma

A

term for plaque formed on arterial lining

99
Q

aneurysm

A

weakened bulging area of artery wall results from a build up behind a blockage caused by plaques

100
Q

angina

A

condition in which plaques build up and reduce blood flow to the cardiac muscle through the coronary artery

101
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack- takes place when atherosclerosis leads to formation of clot that blocks coronary artery entirely and deprives the heart muscle of oxygen so it dies

102
Q

stent

A

metal or plastic tube that opens artery so blood can pass through easily

103
Q

thrombosis

A

clot that forms in a blood vessel

104
Q

multifactorial disease

A

results from the interplay of many different factors rather than having one simple cause

105
Q

correlation

A

strong tendency for two sets of data to vary together

106
Q

tissue fluid

A

fluid that surrounds all cells in the body

107
Q

oncotic pressure

A

tendency for water to move into the capillaries by osmosis

108
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

residual pressure from heartbeat thats still present as blood enters arterial end of capillary beds and forces fluids through leaky capillary walls

109
Q

lymph capillaries

A

blind tubes that carry lymph away form tissues

110
Q

lymph

A

fluid that travels in lymphatic system

111
Q

lymph glands

A

glands in lymphatic system that contain lymphocytes for antibodies

112
Q

xylem

A

main tissue of transporting water around a plant

113
Q

phloem

A

main tissue transporting dissolved solutes around plant

114
Q

cambium

A

unspecialised plant cells that divide to form both xylem and phloem

115
Q

protoxylem

A

first xylem formed that can stretch and grow because the walls are not fully lignified

116
Q

metaxylem

A

consists of mature xylem vessels made of lignified tissue

117
Q

pits

A

specialised holes in the walls of xylems through which water moves out into the surrounding cells

118
Q

parenchyma

A

unspecialised cells plant cells act as packing in stems and give roots support

119
Q

sclerenchyma

A

plant cells that have thick lignified cell walls and empty lumen with no living contents

120
Q

collenchyma

A

plant cells with areas of cellulose thickening that give mechanical strength and support to tissues

121
Q

autoradiography

A

technique using radioactivity for following transport of substances around plants

122
Q

phloem sieve tubes

A

main transport vessels in phloem
-made of living cells joined together to make long tubes that run from highest shoots to end of roots divided by intervals by sieve plates

123
Q

sieve plates

A

preforated walls between phloem cells that allow phloem sap to flow

124
Q

companion cells

A

active cells with sieve tube element that supply phloem vessels with everything they need and actively load sucrose into phloem

125
Q

root hairs

A

miscoscopic hairs extensions of membranes of outer cells of root increase surface area for absorption of minerals and water

126
Q

symplast pathway

A

route substances move by diffusion through interconnected cytoplasm in plasmodesmata connecting cells

127
Q

apoplast pathway

A

route substances take by attraction between molecules across adjacent cells walls in plant

128
Q

apoplast

A

free diffusional space outside of cell surface membrane mainly cell walls and cell spaces

129
Q

casparian strip

A

waterproof layer of waxy tissue in walls of cells in endodermis

130
Q

translocation

A

-movement of substances around plants

131
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water vapour from surface of plant that has evaporated from surface of spongy mesophyll cells mainly within leaves

132
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between like molecules

133
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between unlike molecules

134
Q

potometer

A

-piece of apparatus used to measure uptake of water by a shoot

135
Q

guttation

A

process in which drops of water may be forces out of leaves as a result of root pressure

136
Q

root pressure

A

-pressure when salts actively secreted from root cells into xylem sap increasing conc across root and moving more water into xylem by osmosis

137
Q

assimilates

A

substances transported in phloem mainly sucrose

138
Q

source

A

region of plant high in sucrose and loads sucrose from phloem

139
Q

sink

A

region of plant low in sucrose and removes sucrose from phloem

140
Q

phloem loading

A

process sucrose moved into phloem sieve elements from surrounding cells

141
Q

phloem unloading

A

process by which sucrose and other assimilates are loaded into the phloem by companion cells

142
Q
A

Biology topic 4 exchange and transport (14 decks)

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