key words Flashcards
1
Q
passive transport
A
transport that takes place because of pressure or biochemistry and no energy involved
2
Q
active transport
A
movement of substances with ATP produced after cellular respiration
3
Q
diffusion
A
movement of liquid or gas down concentration gradient from high to low
4
Q
facillitated osmosis
A
diffusion that takes place through carrier proteins or protein channels
5
Q
osmosis
A
movement of solvent molecules down concentration gradient
6
Q
endocytosis
A
movement of large molecules into cells through vescicle formation
7
Q
exocytosis
A
movement of large molecules out of cell by fusing with vescicle to surface membrane.
requires ATP
8
Q
osmotic concentration
A
measure of concentration of the solutes that have osmotic effect
9
Q
isotonic solution
A
when the osmotic concentration of solutes same as that in cells
10
Q
hypotonic solution
A
when osmotic concentration of solutes lower than in cells
11
Q
hypertonic solution
A
when osmotic concentration of solutes higher than that in cell contents
12
Q
pressure potential
A
measure of inward pressure by plant cell wall on protoplasm of cell opposing entry of osmosis,
usually has positive value
13
Q
turgor
A
state of plant cell when solute potential causing water to be moved into cell by osmosis is balanced by force of cell wall pressure
14
Q
incipient plasmolysis
A
when so much water has moved out of cell that turgor is lost and cell membrane begins to pull away from cell wall as protoplasm shrinks
15
Q
plasmolysis
A
when plant cell placed in hypertonic solution when so much water leaves the cell that vacuole is reduced and protoplasm concentrated and shrinks away from cell wall
16
Q
water potential
A
measure of potential for water to move out of solution by osmosis
17
Q
turgor potential
A
measure of inward pressure exerted by plant cell wall on protoplasm of cell as cell expands and press outwards
18
Q
osmotic potential
A
measure of potential of solution to cause water to move into cell across PPM as a result of dissolved solutes
19
Q
carrier proteins
A
proteins that move a substance through the membrane in active transport
20
Q
cyanide
A
metabolic poison that stops mitochondria from working
21
Q
phagocytosis
A
active process when a cell engulfs something large and encloses it in a vescicle
22
Q
pinocytosis
A
active process by which cells take tiny amounts of extracellular fluid into vesicles
23
Q
surface area to volume ratio
A
relationship between surface area and volume of organism
24
Q
lung surfactant
A
special phospholipid that coats alveoli and makes breathing easier
25
mass transport system
arrangement of structures by which substances transported in flow of fluid with mechanism for moving it around the body
26
breathing
physical movement of chest change pressure that air is moved in or out
27
gills
organs of gas exchange in fish
28
operculum
bony protective flap that covers gills of bony fish
29
counter current exchange system
system in which two fluid components flow in opposite directions and some properties are exchanges between the two fluids
30
spongy mesophyll cells
cells inside leaf of plant where gas exchange takes place
31
stomata
specialised pores found in epidermis on underside of leaf through gases come in and out of cell
32
guard cells
cells that open and close the stomatal pores controlling rate of gas exchange
33
lenticels
spongy areas with loosely packed cells site of gas exchange in woody stems and roots
34
spiracles
opening along
35
trachea
largest tubes of the insect respiratory system, carrying air directly into the body for gas exchange with the cells.
-they both run into and along the body of the insect
36
tracheoles
small tubes of small diameter that are site of gaseous exchange in insects
37
single circulation system
-circulation in which heart pumps blood to organs of gas exchange and blood then travels on around body before returning to heart
38
double circulatory system
-circulation involves two systems- one of deox blood flowing from heart to gas exchange organs and back oxygenated to heart
-one of ox blood leaving heart and flowing around body returning deox blood to heart
39
systemic circulation
-carries ox blood from heart to cells of body where oxygen is used, carries deox blood back to the heart
40
pulmonary circulation
carries deox blood to lungs and ox blood back to the heart
41
cardiovascular system
mass transport system of the body made up of series of vessels with a pump to move blood through the vessels
42
haemoglobin
-red pigment that carries oxygen and gives erythrocytes colour
43
granulocytes
leucocytes that have gracnules in cytoplasm of cell that take up stain
-have lobed nuclei
44
neutrophils
-part of non specific immune system
-have multilobed nuclei
-engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis
-make up 70% of leucocytes
45
eosinophils
-part of non specific immune system
-stained by red eosin stain
-against parasites
-allergic reactions and immunity for diseases
46
basophils
-part of non specific immune system
-have two lobed nucleus
-produce histamines in inflammation and allergic reactions
47
agranulocytes
-leucosytes
-dont have granules
-unlobed nuclei
-
48
monocytes
-specific immune system
-largest of leucocytes
-can move out of blood to form macrophages
-engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
49
lymphocytes
-small leucocytes
-large nuclei
50
platelets
involved in clotting mechanism of the blood
51
megakaryocytes
-large cells found in bone marrow and produce platelets
52
oxyhaemoglobin
molecule formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin
53
bohr effect
-change in oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin that occur because of rise in carbon dioxide levels and reduction of affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
54
fetal haemoglobin
-found in developing fetus with higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin
55
myoglobin
-respiratory pigment found in muscle tissue of vertebrates with higher affinity for oxygen that adult haemoglobin
56
carbaminohaemoglobin
-formed when carbon dioxide and water react to form carbonic acid
57
serotonin
-chemical that causes the smooth muscle of blood vessels to contract, narrowing them and cutting of blood to flow to damaged area
58
thromboplastin
-enzyme that sets in cascade of events that lead to clot forming
59
prothrombin
-large soluble protein found in plasma that is precursor to enzyme called thrombin
60
thrombin
-enzyme that acts on fibrinogen converting it to fibrin during clot formation
61
fibrin
-insoluble protein
-forms mesh fibres to trap blood cells and platelets to form blood clot
62
arteries
vessels that carry blood away from heart towards cells of the body
63
veins
-vessels that carry blood towards heart from the cells of the body
64
capillaries
-minute vessels that spread throughout tissues of the body
65
lumen
-central space inside the blood vessel
66
arterioles
-smallest branches of arterial system
-furthest from the heart
67
peripheral arteries
-arteries further away from the heart but before the arterioles
68
venules
-smallest branches of venous system, furthest system away from heart
69
inferior vena cava
-large vein that carries returning blood from lower parts of body to the heart
70
superior vena cava
large vein that carries returning blood from upper parts of body to heart
71
semilunar valves
-half moon shapes one way valves found at frequent intervals throughout venous system to prevent backflow of blood
72
septum
thick muscular dividing wall through centre of heart and prevents oxygen and deox blood from mixing
73
cardiac muscle
special muscle tissue makes up bulk of heart
-has intrinsic rythmicity and doesnt fatigue
74
ritgh atrium
-upper right hand chamber
-recieves deox blood from body
75
right ventricle
chamber that receives deox blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the lungs
76
tricuspid valve (atrioventricular valve)
-valve between right atrium and right ventricle that prevents backflow of blood from ventricle to the atrium when the ventricle contracts
77
tendinous cords
makes sure valves are not turned inside out by pressure exerted when ventricles contract
78
pulmonary artery
blood vessels that carry deox blood from heart to lungs
79
pulmonary veins
carry ox blood back from lungs to heart
80
left atrium
-upper left hand chamber of heart that receives ox blood from the lungs
81
left ventricle
-chamber that receives ox blood from the left atrium and pumps it around the body
82
bicuspid valve
-valve between left atrium and left ventricle that prevents backflow of blood into atrium when ventricle contracts
83
aorta
-main artery of body
-leaves left ventricle of heart carrying ox blood under high pressure
84
systole
contraction of the heart
85
atrial systole
when atria of the heart contract
86
ventricular systole
-when ventricles of heart contract
87
diastole
when heart relaxes and fills with blood
88
cardiac cycle
cycle of contraction and relaxation of heart
89
intrinsic rhythmicity
intrinsic rhythm of contraction and relaxation in the cardiac muscle making up heart
90
sinoatrial node
group of cells in right atrium
-area of heart with fastest intrinsic rhythm and acts as the hearts own pacemaker
91
annulus fibrosus
non conducting tissue provides support for the heart and spreads between atria and ventricles preventing wave of excitation that spreads through atria from passing directly onto ventricles
92
atrioventricular node
-group of cells stimulated by wave of excitation from SAN and atria
-imposes delay before transmitting impulse to bundle of His
93
bundle of His
group of conducting fibres in septum of the heart
94
purkyne tissue
made of conducting fibres that penetrate down through septum of heart spreading between and around ventricles
95
electrocardiogram
used to investigate rhythms of heart by producing record of electrical activity of heart
96
atherosclerosis
condition in which yellow fatty deposits build up on the lining of the arteries, causing them to be narrowed
97
plaques
yellowish fatty deposits that form on the inside of arteries in atherosclerosis
98
atheroma
term for plaque formed on arterial lining
99
aneurysm
weakened bulging area of artery wall results from a build up behind a blockage caused by plaques
100
angina
condition in which plaques build up and reduce blood flow to the cardiac muscle through the coronary artery
101
myocardial infarction
heart attack- takes place when atherosclerosis leads to formation of clot that blocks coronary artery entirely and deprives the heart muscle of oxygen so it dies
102
stent
metal or plastic tube that opens artery so blood can pass through easily
103
thrombosis
clot that forms in a blood vessel
104
multifactorial disease
results from the interplay of many different factors rather than having one simple cause
105
correlation
strong tendency for two sets of data to vary together
106
tissue fluid
fluid that surrounds all cells in the body
107
oncotic pressure
tendency for water to move into the capillaries by osmosis
108
hydrostatic pressure
residual pressure from heartbeat thats still present as blood enters arterial end of capillary beds and forces fluids through leaky capillary walls
109
lymph capillaries
blind tubes that carry lymph away form tissues
110
lymph
fluid that travels in lymphatic system
111
lymph glands
glands in lymphatic system that contain lymphocytes for antibodies
112
xylem
main tissue of transporting water around a plant
113
phloem
main tissue transporting dissolved solutes around plant
114
cambium
unspecialised plant cells that divide to form both xylem and phloem
115
protoxylem
first xylem formed that can stretch and grow because the walls are not fully lignified
116
metaxylem
consists of mature xylem vessels made of lignified tissue
117
pits
specialised holes in the walls of xylems through which water moves out into the surrounding cells
118
parenchyma
unspecialised cells plant cells act as packing in stems and give roots support
119
sclerenchyma
plant cells that have thick lignified cell walls and empty lumen with no living contents
120
collenchyma
plant cells with areas of cellulose thickening that give mechanical strength and support to tissues
121
autoradiography
technique using radioactivity for following transport of substances around plants
122
phloem sieve tubes
main transport vessels in phloem
-made of living cells joined together to make long tubes that run from highest shoots to end of roots divided by intervals by sieve plates
123
sieve plates
preforated walls between phloem cells that allow phloem sap to flow
124
companion cells
active cells with sieve tube element that supply phloem vessels with everything they need and actively load sucrose into phloem
125
root hairs
miscoscopic hairs extensions of membranes of outer cells of root increase surface area for absorption of minerals and water
126
symplast pathway
route substances move by diffusion through interconnected cytoplasm in plasmodesmata connecting cells
127
apoplast pathway
route substances take by attraction between molecules across adjacent cells walls in plant
128
apoplast
free diffusional space outside of cell surface membrane mainly cell walls and cell spaces
129
casparian strip
waterproof layer of waxy tissue in walls of cells in endodermis
130
translocation
-movement of substances around plants
131
transpiration
loss of water vapour from surface of plant that has evaporated from surface of spongy mesophyll cells mainly within leaves
132
cohesion
attraction between like molecules
133
adhesion
attraction between unlike molecules
134
potometer
-piece of apparatus used to measure uptake of water by a shoot
135
guttation
process in which drops of water may be forces out of leaves as a result of root pressure
136
root pressure
-pressure when salts actively secreted from root cells into xylem sap increasing conc across root and moving more water into xylem by osmosis
137
assimilates
substances transported in phloem mainly sucrose
138
source
region of plant high in sucrose and loads sucrose from phloem
139
sink
region of plant low in sucrose and removes sucrose from phloem
140
phloem loading
process sucrose moved into phloem sieve elements from surrounding cells
141
phloem unloading
process by which sucrose and other assimilates are loaded into the phloem by companion cells
142
