circulation Flashcards by Amber Taylor

features of mass transport systems

-systems of vessels that carry substances- usually tubes following route or branching
-way of making sure substances moved in right direction
-moving materials fast enough to supply need of organism
-suitable transport medium

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role of internal transport systems

-carry substances to every cell in body
-deliver oxygen and nutrients
-remove waste from cells
-substances made internally need to be transported

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separate circuits of double system advantage

-ensures ox blood and de ox blood cannot mix so tissues receive as much oxygen as possible

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fully ox blood delivered at high pressure advantage

-blood going through small vessels in lungs low pressure to not damage vessels
-if ox blood at low pressure went to big vessels wouldnt reach everywhere
-ox blood reaches blood and is pumped at high pressures to body

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cardiovascular system features

-made up of series of vessels with heart as pump to move blood through vessels
-blood transport medium
-passage through vessels is circulation
-delivers materials to body

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function of cardiovascular system

-carrying hormones from one body part to another
-carrying waste and nutrients
-forming part of defence system of body
-distribute heat

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roles of plasma 1

-digest food products from small intestine
-nutrient molecules from storage areas to cells
-excretory products from cells to organs like kidney
-hormones from where they are made to to where they cause change

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role of plasma 2

-helps maintain steady body temp by transfering heat around system from deep seated organs or active tissues
-acts as buffer to PH changes

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erythrocytes

-contain haemoglobin
-formed in bone marrow
-mature ones dont have nucleus
-120 day life cycle

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function of erythrocytes

-transport oxygen from lungs to all of cells

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adaptations of erythrocytes

-bio concave disc shape means they have large surface to volume ratio
-oxygen can diffuse fast
-no nucleus so more space
-haemoglobin carries some of carbon dioxide produced in respiration back to lungs

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leucocytes

-large than erythrocytes
-formed in bone marrow
-some mature in thymus gland
-

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function of leucocytes

-defend body against infection

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features of leucocytes

-all have nucleus
-colourless cytoplasm

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2 types of leucocytes

-granulocytes
-agranulocytes

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types of granulocytes

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

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types of agranulocytes

-monocytes
-lymphocytes

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granulocytes

-have granules in cytoplasm of cells
-take up stain
have lobed nuclei

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neutrophils

-part of non specific immune system
-engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis
-multi lobed nuclei
-70%

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eosinophils

non specific immune system
-stained red by eosin stain
-against parasites
-immunity to disease
-2-4%

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basophils

-non specific system
-two lobed nucleus
-produce histamines involved in inflammation and allergic reactions
-0.5-1%

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agranulocytes

-dont have granules to take up stain
-have unlobed nuclei

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monocytes

-specific immune system
-largest of leucocytes
-move out of blood to form macrophages
-phagocytosis
-3-8%

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lymphocytes

-small
-very large nuclei
-20-25%

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description of haemoglobin

-large globular protein -four peptide chains -iron prosthetic group

what does the first oxygen binding to haem do

-it alters the arrengement of the molecule making it easier for the following oxygen to bind

-oxyhaemoglobin equation

-Hb + 4O2 reversible Hb4O2

process in reverse when oxygen dissacosiats from haem

-harder to remove the oxygen as they come off

conc of oxygen in red blood cells when blood enters lungs

low

how does oxygen enter red blood cells in lungs

-by diffusion from air in lungs

why does free oxygen conc in cytoplasm stay low

-oxygen picked up and bound to haemoglobin quickly

how steep conc gradient maintained from lungs in air to red blood cells

-no free oxygen low amount in cytoplasm in lungs as oxygen binds to haemoglobin -more oxygen diffuses and loaded onto haemoglobin

conc of oxygen in body tissue

low

why does oxygen out into body cells down conc gradient

conc of oxygen in cytoplasm of red blood cells higher than in surrounding tissue

how much oxygen haem reserves

75%

how much oxygen gives up to cells

25%

effect of small affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

-means small change in proportion of oxygen in surrounding air can have big effect on saturation of blood with oxygen

haem getting oxygen from lungs

loads quickly

bohr effect

the changes in oxygen dissacociation curve that result as co2 levels change

effect of high partial pressure on affinity of haem for oxygen

when high partial pressure affinity reduced

mothers blood to fetus

-ox blood from mother runs through placenta close to the deox fetal blood

affinity of mothers haem and fetal haem

fetal haem higher affinity for oxygen than mothers so it can remove enough oxygen from maternal blood

how oxygen transfer maximised from maternal blood to fetus

counter current exchange system of maternal and fetus blood

myoglobin

respiratory pigment found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates

features of myoglobin

found in muscle -small bright red -haem group -similar to single haemoglobin chain -higher affinity for o2 than haem

partial pressure and myoglobin affinity

higher affinity than haemoglobin and not affected by partial pressure of 02 in tissues

what does myoglobin act as

oxygen store because doesnt let oxygen go easily -when co2 levels really high lets o2 go

diffusion of waste co2

-diffuse from respiring body cells into blood along conc gradient

product of carbon dioxide with water dissolved in blood

reacts slowly to form carbonic acid

ions formed by carbonic acid

H+ -HCO3-

equation of carbon dioxide and water reaction

CO2+ H2O reversible H2CO3 reversible HCO3 - H+

how much co2 carries in plasma solution

carbaminohaemoglobin

co2 that combines with haemoglobin molecules

how is most of co2 transported

transported in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells as hydrogencarbonate ions

carbonic anhydrase

-controls rate of reaction between co2 and water to form carbonic acid

carbonic anhydrase role in body tissues

high conc of co2 in blood so catalysed formation of carbonic acid

role of carbonic anhydrase in lungs

-conc of co2 low -catalyses reverse reaction and free co2 diffuses out of blood and into lungs

effects of losing blood

-blood volume falls -pathogens get into your body from open wound

serotonin

makes smooth muscle of blood vessel to contract -narrow blood vessels cutting of blood flow to damaged area

thromboplastin

-enzyme that sets in progress cascade for clot formation

cascade order

-thromboplastin -prothrombin - protein -thrombin -enzyme -fibrinogen- protein -fibrin- protein

prothrombin

large soluble protein -found in plasma converted to thrombin by thromboplastin

conditions needed for step 1 of cascade

calcium ions need to be present at right conc for reaction to happen

fibrinogen

thrombin acts on it to make fibrin

fibrin

insoluble protein -forms mesh to cover wounds -more platelets come to form clot -special protein in platelets contract making clot tighter and form scab to protect for healing