atherosclerosis

Question 1

atherosclerosis

Answer 1

build of plaques yellowish fatty deposits inside of arteries

Question 2

risks of plaques

Answer 2

build up until it restricts the flow of blood through the artery or blocks completely

Question 3

where are plaques likely to form

Answer 3

in coronary or carotid arteries

Question 4

steps of plaque forming that lead to atherosclerosis

Answer 4

-slight damage to endothelial cells lining the artery can lead to build up of lipids
-blood platelets form cap over fatty plaque- narrows whole artery
-further damage causes clot to form and this can block whole artery and lead to stoke/ heart attack

Question 5

what can cause damage to endothelial lining of blood vessels

Answer 5

-high blood pressure
-chemicals in tobacco smoke

Question 6

why does athosclerosis occur in arteries rather than veins

Answer 6

-blood pressure high in arteries which puts more strain on endothelial lining of artery rather than sow pressure in veins

Question 7

what happens once damage occurs to endothelial lining

Answer 7

-bodys inflammatory response beings- white blood cells arrive at damage
-cells accmulate especially cholesterol in blood
-leads to plaque forming

Question 8

what builds up around atheroma

Answer 8

calcium salts
-fibrous tissues
-cholesterol in the blood

Question 9

effects of atheroma on artery

Answer 9

atheroma is hard so artery walls harden so less elastic than they should be

Question 10

positive feedback example in atherosclerosis

Answer 10

-lumen of artery becomes smaller because of atheroma
-increases blood pressure making to harder for heart to pump blood
-raised blood pressure makes damage more likely in other areas of endothelial lining, more plaques form
-makes blood pressure even higher

Question 11

whats an aneurysm

Answer 11

-if area of artery narrowed by atheroma, blood builds up behind blockage
-artery wall put under pressure so weakened

Question 12

where do aneurysms occur

Answer 12

in blood vessels supplying brain or in aorta

Question 13

effect of high blood pressure on blood vessels

Answer 13

damages tiny blood vessels where kidney filters urea
-check for proteins because forced out when kidney damage occurs

Question 14

what happens in angina

Answer 14

-plaques slowly build up on coronary arteries reducing blood flow to parts of heart muscle

Question 15

treatment for mild angina

Answer 15

regular exercise
-losing weight
-not smoking

Question 16

what happens in myocardial infarction

Answer 16

one of branches of coronary arteries becomes completely blocked and part of muscle permanently starved of oxygen

Question 17

thrombosis

Answer 17

clot that forms in blood vessel

Question 18

effects of coronary thrombosis

Answer 18

-block the artery
-starve heart beyond oxygen and nutrients
-heart attack

Question 19

risk

Answer 19

describes probability that a particular event will happen

Question 20

multifactorial disease

Answer 20

many things influence your chances of being affected

Question 21

non modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

Answer 21

genes
-age
-sex

Question 22

genes as non modifiable risk factor

Answer 22

-genetic tendency in some families and ethnicities to develop heart diseases
-arteries easily damaged, damaged cholesterol metabolism , easily develop hypertension

Question 23

age as non modifiable risk factor

Answer 23

-blood vessels lose elasticity and narrow as you age
-more likely to suffer from heart diseases

Question 24

sex as non modifiable risk factor

Answer 24

-men more likely to suffer than woman
-oestrogen reduced build up of plaque until drop as menopause

Question 25

smoking as modifiable risk factor

Answer 25

-correlation between smoking and death by atherosclerosis
-chemicals damage artery lining
-build up of plaque, arteries narrow, higher blood pressure

Question 26

weight as modifiable risk factor

Answer 26

-results of being overweight effect chances of developing atherosclerosis
-high blood pressure- increase risk of damage of artery lining
-type 2 diabetes- damage of blood vessel walls

Question 27

stress as modifiable risk factor

Answer 27

-stress causes release of cytokines
-trigger inflammatory response in vessels
-leads to plaque formation
-raise blood pressure

Question 28

low density lipoproteins

Answer 28

-formed from saturated fats, cholesterol, protein and bind to cell membranes before taken into cells
- if some forms of LDL high cell membs more saturated and more LDL cholesterol left in blood

Question 29

high density lipoproteins

Answer 29

-formed from unsaturated fats, cholesterol and protein
-carry cholesterol from body tissues to liver to be broken down
- lowering cholesterol levels
-HDL help remove cholesterol from fatty plaques