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Biology topic 4 exchange and transport > gas exchange in mammals > Flashcards

gas exchange in mammals Flashcards

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1
Q

how can small organisms have direct diffusion

A

diffusion distances very small
surface area to volume ratio large
metabolic demands low

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2
Q

factors that effect diffusion

A

surface area
concentration gradient of particles coming in- more there are quicker they diffuse
distance of diffusion is taking place

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3
Q

things needed for efficient gas exchange

A

large surface area
-thin layers
-rich blood supply
-moist surfaces
-permeable surfaces

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4
Q

how does rich blood supply increase efficiency

A

blood involved in transporting molecules to and from gas exchange site
maintains steep conc gradient

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5
Q

how does moist surfaces help efficiency

A

most diffusion takes place in solutions

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6
Q

features of nasal cavity

A

large surface area
good blood supply
thin walls
hairs as filters

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7
Q

how air entering has smallest effect possible

A

moist surfaces increase levels of water vapour in air and rich blood supply raises temp of air

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8
Q

function of nasal cavity

A

main route by which gas enters gas exchange system

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9
Q

function of mouth

A

air can enter respiratory system but misses out on filtering through nasal cavity

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10
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tissue that closes over glottis in reflex action when food is swallowed. prevents food from entering gas system

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11
Q

larynx

A

voice box uses flow of air to produce sounds

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12
Q

trachea

A

major airway to bronchi.
lined with cells including mucus secreting cells
cilia on surface move mucus and dust away from lung s

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13
Q

incomplete rings of cartilage

A

prevents trachea and bronchi from collapsing but allow food to swallowed

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14
Q

left and right bronchus

A

tubes leading to lungs are similar in structure to trachea but narrower and divide to form bronchiles

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15
Q

lung

A

organ where lung exchange takes place

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16
Q

bronchioles

A

small tubes that spread through lungs and end in alveoli.

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17
Q

structure of bronchioles

A

small diameter
small cartilage
collapse quite easily

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18
Q

function of bronchioles

A

main function still as airway but little gas exchange occurs

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19
Q

alveoli

A

main site of gas exchange in the lungs

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20
Q

ribs

A

protective bony cage around gas exchange system

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21
Q

intercostal muscles

A

found between ribs and important for breathing

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22
Q

pleural membrane

A

surround lungs and line chest cavity

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23
Q

pleural cavity

A

spaces between pleural membranes

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24
Q

structure of pleural cavity

A

filled with thin layer of lubricating fluids that allow membranes to slide easily with breathing movements

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25
Q

diaphragm

A

broad sheet of tissue that forms floor of chest cavity
important for breathing movements

26
Q

whats an alveolus made of

A

single layer of flattened epithelial cells

27
Q

features of capillaries that run close to alveoli

A

have a wall that is one cell thick

28
Q

what is between the alveoli and capillaries

A

elastic connective tissue holding everything together

29
Q

whats elastic recoil of the lungs

A

when elastic connective tissue help to force air out of lungs which are stretched when you breath in

30
Q

what prevents alveolis from collapsing

A

special phospholipid known as lung surfactant

31
Q

lung surfactant

A

phospholipid that coats alveoli and makes breathing easier

32
Q

gaseous exchange between alveoli and deox blood

A

process by simple diffusion
between alveolar air and deox blood in capillaries

33
Q

features of blood when involved in alveoli simple diffusion via capillaries

A

low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide

34
Q

how does alveoli give large surface area

A

folded membrane

35
Q

conc of oxygen in alveoli

A

high

36
Q

adaptations of alveoli

A

short distance
thin capillaries
good blood supply
high SA with folded membrane

37
Q

short distance diffusion alveoli

A

walls of alveoli one cell thick and wall of capillaries next to them

38
Q

steep conc gradient of alveoli

A

blood always flowing through capillaries so constant exchange of gases

39
Q

how alveoli maintain steep con gradient

A

continious flow of blood making gas exchange constantly happen

40
Q

method of movement of gases into and out of alveoli

A

by diffusion

41
Q

movement of air in and out of lungs

A

mass transport system

42
Q

structure of alveoli in order

A

alveolar duct
thin squamous epithelium
tidal air
diffusion of co2 up and o2 down
alveolar air
macrophage
liquid surfactant on inner surface

43
Q

role of macrophage in alveoli

A

white blood cell engulf bacteria coming inside alveoli

44
Q

process of moving air between lungs and external enviormnent

A

active process of ventilation

45
Q

2 parts of breathing

A

inhilation and exhalation

46
Q

feature of chest cavity

A

sealed unit for air
one way in or out through trachea

47
Q

what does breathing involve

A

a series of pressure changed in the chest cavity that bring movement of air

48
Q

what type of process is inhalation

A

active energy using process

49
Q

muscles of diaphgram when inhaling

A

contract and result in it being lowered and flattened

50
Q

intercostal muscles when inhaling

A

muscles between ribs also contract raising rib cage upwards and outwards

51
Q

movement of disgphram and intercostal muscles when inhaling

A

result in volume of chest cavity increasing which reduces pressure in cavity.

52
Q

how does pressure change help inhaling

A

pressure within chest cavity lowered than pressure of atmospheric air outside so air moves inside through trachea bronchi and bronchioles into lungs to equalise pressure inside and out

53
Q

what type of process is normal exhalation

A

passive process

54
Q

muscles of diagphram when exhaling

A

relax so it moves up into resting domed shape

55
Q

intercostal muscles when exhaling

A

relax so ribs move down

56
Q

elastic fibres around alveoli when exhaling

A

elastic fibres around alveoli return to their normal length

57
Q

result of elastic fibres turning back to normal shape

A

volume of chest decreases causing an increase in pressure

58
Q

how is air released

A

pressure of chest cavity greater than that of outside air so air moves out via the trachea bronchi and bronchioles

59
Q

process of forced exhalation

A

internal intercostal muscles contract
pulling ribs down and in
abdominal muscles contract forcing diaphgram upwards
increase in pressure in chest cavity so causes exhalation

60
Q

protection of lungs from outside bad things

A

mucus that lines airways and traps bacteria
cillia move runny mucus upward to airway
acid in stomach and digestive enzymes in mucus carry it away

61
Q
A

Biology topic 4 exchange and transport (14 decks)

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