Key Thinkers

Question 1

Durkheim (1895)

Answer 1

FUNCTIONALIST
Crime exists due to industrialisation (undermines power of agencies of social control)
AND; = necessary + beneficial part of S
4 functions

Question 2

Merton (1968)

Answer 2

FUNCTIONALIST
Crime has manifest + latent functions
= strain between S goal + accepted means of achieving
= anomie on HOW person achieves Gs
Attaining G = more important than the means
5 responses (conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion)

Question 3

AK Cohen (1955)

Answer 3

SUBCULTURAL FUNCTIONALIST
C = collective response
Stats frustration
c+d = way to achieve status amongst peers
Adopt alternative values (del subc)

Question 4

Cloward + Ohlin (1960)

Answer 4

SUBCULTURAL FUNCTIONALIST
Build on Merton’s ideas
Accepted means = legitimate opportunity structure
Reaction to strain depends on enviro grow up in
3 responses/ types subcultures (crimina, conflict, retreatist)

Question 5

Miller (1962)

Answer 5

SUBCULTURAL FUNCTIONALISTS
Each class has its own values, passed from generation to generation
Each class sees their ‘focal concerns’ as superior
wc male subculture provides way to cope with life
3 unique focal concerns
Toughness, smartness, excitement

Question 6

Matza

Answer 6

INTERACTIONIST
Uses to evaluate sub. functionalists - too deterministic
Everybody has subterranean values
Mostly expressed in accepted ways
Sometimes expressed in wrong time/ place (d)
Techniques of neutralisation (justification)
‘Delinquency + drift’ - not permanent

Question 7

Chambliss (1976)

Answer 7

MARXIST
Capitalism encourages consumer greed
also produces relative deprivation

Question 8

Gordon (1976)

Answer 8

MARXIST
C = rational response to capitalism
Found in ALL social classes
BUT stats: = wc

Question 9

Snider (1997)

Answer 9

Laws that threaten big businesses = unlikely to be passes

e.g. fiar trade laws, health + safety leg