Environmental/ Ecological Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the environmental/ ecological approach examine?

A

Relationship of crime to places and times

Also interested in impact change has on populations/ locations

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2
Q

What city did Shaw + McKay study?

A

Chicago in the late 19th early 20th century
= 1 of the fastest growing cities in the USA
- result of huge immigration into Chicago

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3
Q

How many zones did Shaw + McKay ÷ the city into?

What did they call them?

A

÷ into 5 concentric zones

Each had different economic + social profiles, as a result they each had different crime rates

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4
Q

According to Shaw + McKay, where did the most crime occur?

Give 4 reasons as to why this is

A

Zone 2 - Zone of Transition

  1. High levels of population turnover - more successful residents move to outer areas, leaving most likely to offend
  2. High levels of social disorganisation - informal mechanisms of social control (e.g family/ community) = weak/ absent
  3. Cultural transmission - crime becomes socially acceptable, next generation = socialised into seeing crime as the norm, successful criminal = role models
  4. = significant levels of poverty
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5
Q

Why do Shaw + McKay argue that high levels of social disorganisation leads to higher crime rates?

A

The informal mechanisms of social control (e.g family/ community) which normally prevent people from engaging in criminal behaviour = absent/ weak

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6
Q

What do Shaw + McKay mean by ‘cultural transmission’?

A

Crime becomes socially acceptable
Next generation = socialised into seeing crime as the norm
See successful criminals as role models

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7
Q

Give 2 criticisms of Shaw + McKay’s work

A
  1. Been criticised for confusing where people live with where they commit crimes
  2. Bottoms points out that the concentric zone model doesn’t fit European cities. As such British research has failed to reproduce the clear patterns on concentric zones
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8
Q

What theory does Clarke use to explain c+d?

A

Opportunity Theory

Clarke argues: = best way to explain why + where offences occur

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9
Q

What 2 factors does Clarke argue effects the likelihood f an offence being committee?

A
  1. Target attractiveness (how attractive = target to offender)
  2. Accessibility (how easy object = to steal, ease of escape + likelihood of offence being witnessed)
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10
Q

What type of theorist use the opportunity theory?

A

Right Realists - believe if criminal knows they’re more likely to be caught, they will be less likely to commit the crime (rational choice theory)

  • they therefore encourage the use of ‘situational crime prevention’
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11
Q

Hobbs et al (2000) argues that crime rates vary depending on…

A

Vary depending on the time of day

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12
Q

Describe Hobbs et al (2000) concept of ‘nocturnal economy’

What evidence do they use to support this claim?

A

Past 15 years = increase pubs/ clubs culture of younger people in British S
2003 = over 210 million club admissions, value of £2.5 million
= what Hobbs refers to as NOCTURNAL ECONOMY

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13
Q

What fraction of all violent crimes in urban areas occur the weekend?
What time do these occur between?

(Hobbs et al)

A

3/4 of all violent crime occurs during the weekend between 9pm-3am

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14
Q

Give 2 advantages of the ecological/ environmental approach to c+d

A
  1. Been influential in G + policing policies (strong links to both left + right realism)
  2. Helped police + local authorities to adapt policing strategies e.g. changing licensing hours of local pubs + bars
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15
Q

Give a disadvantage of the ecological/ environmental approach to c+d

A

Doesn’t explain the reasons WHY people commit offences

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