Key Terms in Logic

Question 1

THE STUDY OF THE METHODS AND PRINCIPLES
USED TO DISTINGUISH CORRECT FROM INCORRECT REASONING

Answer 1

Logic

Question 2

A STATEMENT; WHAT IS TYPICALLY ASSERTED
USING A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE, AND HENCE ALWAYS EITHER TRUE OR FALSE—ALTHOUGH ITS TRUTH OR FALSITY MAY BE UNKNOWN.

Answer 2

Proposition

Question 3

IF A PROPOSITION’S TRUTHFULNESS IS VERIFIABLE USING REASON ALONE.

Answer 3

A PRIORI

Question 4

IF THE TRUTHFULNESS OF A PROPOSITION IS VERIFIABLE BY EXPERIENCE (OR IF IT TALKS ABOUT FACTS ABOUT THE PHYSICAL WORLD)

Answer 4

A POSTERIORI

Question 5

________: THREE IS THE SUM OF ONE AND TWO (MATHEMATICAL TRUTHS, TRUE)
_______: THREE STARS ARE FOUND ON THE PHILIPPINE FLAG (PHILIPPINE FLAG, TRUE)

Answer 5

A priori, A posteriori

Question 6

A PROPOSITION WITH ONE SUBJECT AND ONE PREDICATE.

Answer 6

ATOMIC PROPOSITION

Question 7

A PROCESS BY WHICH ONE PROPOSITION IS
ARRIVED AT AND AFFIRMED ON THE BASIS OF SOME OTHER PROPOSITION OR PROPOSITIONS.

Answer 7

INFERENCE

Question 8

Explanation or Argument:

“THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY IS A HISTORICAL DICTIONARY, PROVIDING CITATIONS MEANT TO SHOW THE EVOLUTION OF EVERY WORD, BEGINNING WITH THE EARLIEST KNOWN USAGE. THEREFORE, A KEY TASK, AND A POPULAR SPORT FOR THOUSANDS OF VOLUNTEER WORD AFICIONADOS, IS ANTE- DATING: FINDING EARLIER CITATIONS THAN THOSE ALREADY KNOWN. “

Answer 8

Explanation

Question 9

ANY GROUP OF PROPOSITIONS OF WHICH ONE IS CLAIMED TO FOLLOW FROM THE OTHERS, WHICH ARE REGARDED AS PROVIDING SUPPORT OR GROUNDS FOR THE TRUTH OF THAT ONE PROPOSITION.

Answer 9

ARGUMENT

Question 10

IN ANY ARGUMENT, THE PROPOSITION TO WHICH
THE OTHER PROPOSITIONS IN THE ARGUMENT ARE CLAIMED TO GIVE SUPPORT, OR FOR WHICH THEY ARE GIVEN AS REASONS.

Answer 10

CONCLUSION

Question 11

A WORD OR PHRASE (SUCH AS
“THEREFORE” OR “THUS”) APPEARING IN AN ARGUMENT AND USUALLY INDICATING THAT WHAT FOLLOWS IT IS THE CONCLUSION OF THAT ARGUMENT.

Answer 11

CONCLUSION INDICATOR

Question 12

IN AN ARGUMENT, THE PROPOSITIONS UPON WHICH
INFERENCE IS BASED; THE PROPOSITIONS THAT ARE CLAIMED TO PROVIDE GROUNDS OR REASONS FOR THE CONCLUSION.

Answer 12

PREMISES

Question 13

IN AN ARGUMENT, A WORD OR PHRASE
(LIKE “BECAUSE” AND “SINCE”) THAT NORMALLY SIGNALS THAT WHAT FOLLOWS IT ARE STATEMENTS SERVING AS PREMISES.

Answer 13

PREMISE INDICATOR

Question 14

HAS UNSTATED PREMISE

Answer 14

ENTHYMEME

Question 15

ONE OF THE TWO MAJOR TYPES OF
ARGUMENT TRADITIONALLY DISTINGUISHED. AN _________ CLAIMS THAT ITS PREMISES GIVE ONLY SOME DEGREE OF PROBABILITY, BUT NOT CERTAINTY, TO ITS CONCLUSION.

Answer 15

INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

Question 16

THE MORE FACTS SUPPORTING THE PROBABLE OCCURRENCE OF THE CONCLUSION
THE MORE THE ARGUMENT BECOMES_____, IF NOT IT BECOMES ____.

Answer 16

STRONG, WEAK

Question 17

CLAIMS TO PROVIDE CONCLUSIVE GROUNDS FOR ITS CONCLUSION

Answer 17

DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

Question 18

A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT CAN EITHER BE ___ AND ___

Answer 18

VALID, INVALID

Question 19

A CHARACTERISTIC OF ANY
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT WHOSE PREMISES, IF THEY WERE ALL TRUE, WOULD PROVIDE CONCLUSIVE GROUNDS FOR THE TRUTH OF ITS
CONCLUSION.

Answer 19

VALIDITY

Question 20

_____ IS A FORMAL CHARACTERISTIC; IT APPLIES ONLY TO ARGUMENTS, AS DISTINGUISHED FROM TRUTH, WHICH APPLIES TO______.

Answer 20

Validity, Propositions

Question 21

WHEN AN ARGUMENT IS VALID AND ALL OF ITS
PREMISES ARE TRUE, WE CALL IT ____.

Answer 21

SOUND

Question 22

BUILDING BLOCKS OF ARGUMENTS

Answer 22

Propositions

Question 23

Arguments must not contain…

Answer 23

enterrogation, exclamations, imperatives, paradoxes

Question 23

Arguments must not contain…

Answer 23

enterrogation, exclamations, imperatives, paradoxes