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PHLO 12 LOGIC > Brief History in Logic > Flashcards

Brief History in Logic Flashcards

1
Q

Ancient and Medieval Period Logicians (6)

A
  • Heraclitus
  • Plato
  • Aristotle
  • Chrysippus
  • Peter Abelard
  • William of Ockham
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2
Q

Order of cosmos

A

logos

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3
Q

Heraclitus is aka

A

Weeping Philosopher

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4
Q

ideas/forms is
physical is

A

abstract, concrete

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5
Q

Realism is aka

A

Theory of Ideas/Forms

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6
Q

He pioneered socratic method

A

Plato

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7
Q

Socratic Method aka

A

Elenchus

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8
Q

Father of Logic

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

2 main contribution of Aristotle

A

Square of Oppositions, Syllogisms

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10
Q

Pioneered deductive system of reasoning

A

Aristotle

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11
Q

4 Categories of Square Oppositions

A

Universals, Particulars, Affirmations, Negations

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12
Q

focused on logical relations between propositions

A

Chrysippus

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13
Q

stating that particular objects in the physical world already constitutes to what is real while universals do not correspond to reality,

A

Nominalism

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14
Q

He contributed Nominalism, challenged Plato’s Realism

A

Peter Abelard

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15
Q

William of Ockham is dubbed as

A

‘Doctor Invicibilis’ or ‘Unconquerable Teacher’,

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16
Q

advocated the removal of the multiplicity of unnecessary explanations within an argument

A

William of Ockham, ‘Ockham’s Razor’

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17
Q

Modern Period consisted of what ideas

A

Empirical, Inductive, Informal

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18
Q

Father of Empiricism

A

Francis Bacon

19
Q

Philosophers of the Modern Period (4)

A
  • Francis Bacon
  • Blaise Pascal
  • John Stuart Mill
  • David Hume
20
Q

Modern era pioneered the two primary types of approaches in Logic which are:

A

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

21
Q

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning corresponds to:

A

Rationalism and Empiricism

22
Q

Role of reason alone in formulating and gaining knowledge

A

Rationalism

23
Q

role of experience in formulating and gaining knowledge

A

Empiricism

24
Q

In Inductive Logic, _____ introduced the role of numbers (Probability)

A

Blaise Pascal

25
Q

He gave the dilemma: between ‘believing in God even if there is none then you have nothing to lose’ and ‘believing in God and assuming that there is indeed an afterlife then there is a chance that you will either be saved or be sent to damnation’, the safe side, therefore, is to believe in God

A

Blaise Pascal

26
Q

He laid out the five fundamental methods conducted in scientific experimentations that aim to arrive at hypothetical conclusions

A

John Stuart Mill

27
Q

A crucial challenge to Empiricism was introduced by

A

David Hume

28
Q

______ states that we cannot fully make general claims from limited observations because there is no guarantee that they will remain as such

A

The Problem of Induction

29
Q

Modern to Contemporary Period consisted of what ideas

A

Rational, Deductive, Formal

30
Q

He crafted the symbolic language of Propositional Logic which makes it easier to manipulate propositions within an argument

A

Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz

31
Q

introduced a theorem, later on named after him, that aids in the symbolic translations of propositions

A

Augustus De Morgan

32
Q

continued the study of Propositional Logic through the synthesis of the manipulation of propositions and the study of electric circuits, which led to advancements in modern computer science, logic gates

A

George Boole

33
Q

Philosophers of Modern to Contemporary Era (8)

A
  1. Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz
  2. Augustus De Morgan
  3. George Boole
  4. Gottlob Frege
  5. John Venn
  6. Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead
  7. Kurt Gödel
  8. Karl Popper
34
Q

Father of Modern Logic

A

Gottlob Frege

35
Q

introduced Quantification (resembling Aristotle’s Square of Oppositions), along with studying proposition’s internal parts (subject and predicate), thus came Predicate Logic

A

Gottlob Frege

36
Q

introduced a way to group sets to illustrate all the possible comparisons and contrasts between them simply by using interlocking circles

A

John Venn

37
Q

highly helpful in studying Aristotelian syllogisms, process of determining deductive validity

A

Venn Diagram

38
Q

in their joint work, derived the fundamental logical axioms in mathematics

A

Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead

39
Q

challenged the very ‘perfection’ of a closed system by introducing the incompleteness theorem

A

Kurt Godel

40
Q

stating that even a closed system like mathematics will eventually be incomplete

A

incompleteness theorem

41
Q

remarked that doing science is not a matter of looking for the truth, but rather to look for what is false

A

Karl Popper

42
Q

necessitates that science must undergo perpetual scrutiny and change

A

Falsifiability Principle

43
Q

analysis of deductive arguments

A

Syllogisms

PHLO 12 LOGIC (7 decks)

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