Brief History in Logic

Question 1

Ancient and Medieval Period Logicians (6)

Answer 1

• Heraclitus
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Chrysippus
• Peter Abelard
• William of Ockham

Question 2

Order of cosmos

Answer 2

logos

Question 3

Heraclitus is aka

Answer 3

Weeping Philosopher

Question 4

ideas/forms is
physical is

Answer 4

abstract, concrete

Question 5

Realism is aka

Answer 5

Theory of Ideas/Forms

Question 6

He pioneered socratic method

Answer 6

Plato

Question 7

Socratic Method aka

Answer 7

Elenchus

Question 8

Father of Logic

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

2 main contribution of Aristotle

Answer 9

Square of Oppositions, Syllogisms

Question 10

Pioneered deductive system of reasoning

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

4 Categories of Square Oppositions

Answer 11

Universals, Particulars, Affirmations, Negations

Question 12

focused on logical relations between propositions

Answer 12

Chrysippus

Question 13

stating that particular objects in the physical world already constitutes to what is real while universals do not correspond to reality,

Answer 13

Nominalism

Question 14

He contributed Nominalism, challenged Plato’s Realism

Answer 14

Peter Abelard

Question 15

William of Ockham is dubbed as

Answer 15

‘Doctor Invicibilis’ or ‘Unconquerable Teacher’,

Question 16

advocated the removal of the multiplicity of unnecessary explanations within an argument

Answer 16

William of Ockham, ‘Ockham’s Razor’

Question 17

Modern Period consisted of what ideas

Answer 17

Empirical, Inductive, Informal

Question 18

Father of Empiricism

Answer 18

Francis Bacon

Question 19

Philosophers of the Modern Period (4)

Answer 19

• Francis Bacon
• Blaise Pascal
• John Stuart Mill
• David Hume

Question 20

Modern era pioneered the two primary types of approaches in Logic which are:

Answer 20

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Question 21

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning corresponds to:

Answer 21

Rationalism and Empiricism

Question 22

Role of reason alone in formulating and gaining knowledge

Answer 22

Rationalism

Question 23

role of experience in formulating and gaining knowledge

Answer 23

Empiricism

Question 24

In Inductive Logic, _____ introduced the role of numbers (Probability)

Answer 24

Blaise Pascal

Question 25

He gave the dilemma: between ‘believing in God even if there is none then you have nothing to lose’ and ‘believing in God and assuming that there is indeed an afterlife then there is a chance that you will either be saved or be sent to damnation’, the safe side, therefore, is to believe in God

Answer 25

Blaise Pascal

Question 26

He laid out the five fundamental methods conducted in scientific experimentations that aim to arrive at hypothetical conclusions

Answer 26

John Stuart Mill

Question 27

A crucial challenge to Empiricism was introduced by

Answer 27

David Hume

Question 28

______ states that we cannot fully make general claims from limited observations because there is no guarantee that they will remain as such

Answer 28

The Problem of Induction

Question 29

Modern to Contemporary Period consisted of what ideas

Answer 29

Rational, Deductive, Formal

Question 30

He crafted the symbolic language of Propositional Logic which makes it easier to manipulate propositions within an argument

Answer 30

Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz

Question 31

introduced a theorem, later on named after him, that aids in the symbolic translations of propositions

Answer 31

Augustus De Morgan

Question 32

continued the study of Propositional Logic through the synthesis of the manipulation of propositions and the study of electric circuits, which led to advancements in modern computer science, logic gates

Answer 32

George Boole

Question 33

Philosophers of Modern to Contemporary Era (8)

Answer 33

1. Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz 2. Augustus De Morgan 3. George Boole 4. Gottlob Frege 5. John Venn 6. Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead 7. Kurt Gödel 8. Karl Popper

Question 34

Father of Modern Logic

Answer 34

Gottlob Frege

Question 35

introduced Quantification (resembling Aristotle’s Square of Oppositions), along with studying proposition’s internal parts (subject and predicate), thus came Predicate Logic

Answer 35

Gottlob Frege

Question 36

introduced a way to group sets to illustrate all the possible comparisons and contrasts between them simply by using interlocking circles

Answer 36

John Venn

Question 37

highly helpful in studying Aristotelian syllogisms, process of determining deductive validity

Answer 37

Venn Diagram

Question 38

in their joint work, derived the fundamental logical axioms in mathematics

Answer 38

Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead

Question 39

challenged the very ‘perfection’ of a closed system by introducing the incompleteness theorem

Answer 39

Kurt Godel

Question 40

stating that even a closed system like mathematics will eventually be incomplete

Answer 40

incompleteness theorem

Question 41

remarked that doing science is not a matter of looking for the truth, but rather to look for what is false

Answer 41

Karl Popper

Question 42

necessitates that science must undergo perpetual scrutiny and change

Answer 42

Falsifiability Principle

Question 43

analysis of deductive arguments

Answer 43

Syllogisms