Brief History in Logic Flashcards
Ancient and Medieval Period Logicians (6)
- Heraclitus
- Plato
- Aristotle
- Chrysippus
- Peter Abelard
- William of Ockham
Order of cosmos
logos
Heraclitus is aka
Weeping Philosopher
ideas/forms is
physical is
abstract, concrete
Realism is aka
Theory of Ideas/Forms
He pioneered socratic method
Plato
Socratic Method aka
Elenchus
Father of Logic
Aristotle
2 main contribution of Aristotle
Square of Oppositions, Syllogisms
Pioneered deductive system of reasoning
Aristotle
4 Categories of Square Oppositions
Universals, Particulars, Affirmations, Negations
focused on logical relations between propositions
Chrysippus
stating that particular objects in the physical world already constitutes to what is real while universals do not correspond to reality,
Nominalism
He contributed Nominalism, challenged Plato’s Realism
Peter Abelard
William of Ockham is dubbed as
‘Doctor Invicibilis’ or ‘Unconquerable Teacher’,
advocated the removal of the multiplicity of unnecessary explanations within an argument
William of Ockham, ‘Ockham’s Razor’
Modern Period consisted of what ideas
Empirical, Inductive, Informal
Father of Empiricism
Francis Bacon
Philosophers of the Modern Period (4)
- Francis Bacon
- Blaise Pascal
- John Stuart Mill
- David Hume
Modern era pioneered the two primary types of approaches in Logic which are:
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning corresponds to:
Rationalism and Empiricism
Role of reason alone in formulating and gaining knowledge
Rationalism
role of experience in formulating and gaining knowledge
Empiricism
In Inductive Logic, _____ introduced the role of numbers (Probability)
Blaise Pascal
He gave the dilemma: between ‘believing in God even if there is none then you have nothing to lose’ and ‘believing in God and assuming that there is indeed an afterlife then there is a chance that you will either be saved or be sent to damnation’, the safe side, therefore, is to believe in God
Blaise Pascal
He laid out the five fundamental methods conducted in scientific experimentations that aim to arrive at hypothetical conclusions
John Stuart Mill
A crucial challenge to Empiricism was introduced by
David Hume
______ states that we cannot fully make general claims from limited observations because there is no guarantee that they will remain as such
The Problem of Induction
Modern to Contemporary Period consisted of what ideas
Rational, Deductive, Formal
He crafted the symbolic language of Propositional Logic which makes it easier to manipulate propositions within an argument
Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz
introduced a theorem, later on named after him, that aids in the symbolic translations of propositions
Augustus De Morgan
continued the study of Propositional Logic through the synthesis of the manipulation of propositions and the study of electric circuits, which led to advancements in modern computer science, logic gates
George Boole
Philosophers of Modern to Contemporary Era (8)
- Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz
- Augustus De Morgan
- George Boole
- Gottlob Frege
- John Venn
- Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead
- Kurt Gödel
- Karl Popper
Father of Modern Logic
Gottlob Frege
introduced Quantification (resembling Aristotle’s Square of Oppositions), along with studying proposition’s internal parts (subject and predicate), thus came Predicate Logic
Gottlob Frege
introduced a way to group sets to illustrate all the possible comparisons and contrasts between them simply by using interlocking circles
John Venn
highly helpful in studying Aristotelian syllogisms, process of determining deductive validity
Venn Diagram
in their joint work, derived the fundamental logical axioms in mathematics
Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead
challenged the very ‘perfection’ of a closed system by introducing the incompleteness theorem
Kurt Godel
stating that even a closed system like mathematics will eventually be incomplete
incompleteness theorem
remarked that doing science is not a matter of looking for the truth, but rather to look for what is false
Karl Popper
necessitates that science must undergo perpetual scrutiny and change
Falsifiability Principle
analysis of deductive arguments
Syllogisms
