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biology topic 5 Energy for biological processes > key terms > Flashcards

key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

cellular respiration

A

process by which food is broken down to yield ATP which is used as source for energy for metabolic reactions

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2
Q

respiratory substrate

A

substance oxidised during cellular respiration

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3
Q

aerobic respiration

A

form of cellular respiration that takes place in mitochondria in presence of oxygen

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4
Q

stalked particles

A

structures where ATP production takes place on inner mitochondrial membrane

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5
Q

reduction

A

addition of electrons to substance by addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen

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6
Q

oxidation

A

removal of electrons from substance by addition of oxygen of removal of hydrogen

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7
Q

hydrogen acceptor

A

molecule which receives hydrogen and becomes reduced in cell biochemistry

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8
Q

NAD

A

coenzyme that acts as a hydrogen acceptor

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9
Q

reduced NAD

A

NAD which has accepted a hydrogen atom in metabolic pathway

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10
Q

FAD

A

hydrogen carrier and coenzyme
-in cellular respiration it accepts hydrogen to form reduced FADH2
driving production of ATP

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11
Q

respirometer

A

piece of apparatus used for measuring rate of respiration in whole organisms or cultures of cells

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12
Q

glycolysis

A

first stage of cellular respiration which takes place in cytoplasm and common in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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13
Q

pyruvate

A

end product of glycolysis

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14
Q

glycerate 2-phosphate

A

GP phosphorylated 3C intermediate in process of glycolysis

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15
Q

ethanol

A

organic chemical with formula C2H5OH produced as result of anaerobic respiration in fungi and some plant cells

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16
Q

lactate

A

3C is end product of anaerobic respiration in mammals

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17
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

form of cellular respiration that takes place in cytoplasm where no oxygen present

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18
Q

krebs cycle

A

series of biochemical steps that lead to complete oxidation of glucose resulting in production of carbon dioxide, water and large amounts of ATP

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19
Q

link reaction

A

reaction needed to move products of glycolysis into krebs cycle

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20
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

A

2C compound produced in link reaction which feeds directly into krebs cycle combining 4C to form 6C

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21
Q

decarboxylases

A

enzymes that remove carbon dioxide

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22
Q

dehydrogenases

A

enzymes that remove hydrogen ( carry out oxidation reactions)

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23
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

oxygen dependent process in electron transport chain where ADP phosphorylated

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24
Q

electron transport chain

A

series of electron carrying compounds along which electrons transferred in series of oxidation reduction reactions producing ATP

25
Q

chemiosmosis

A

process that links electrons that are passed down electron transport chain and production of ATP by movement of hydrogen ions through membrane along electrochemical, pH and conc gradients

26
Q

cytochromes

A

members of electron transport chain
-protein pigments with iron group like haemoglobin reduced by electrons from reduced FAD which is reoxidised with production of a molecule of ATP

27
Q

cytochrome oxidase

A

enzyme in electron transport chain which receives electrons from cytochromes and is reduced as cytochromes are oxidised with production of 1 ATP

28
Q

chemiosmotic theory

A

developed by peter mitchell- explains production of ATP in mitochondria chloroplasts and elsewhere in living cells

29
Q

autotrophic

A

organisms that make complex organic compounds from simple compounds in their enviroment

30
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which living organisms- plant and algae capture energy for the sun using chlorophyll and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars

31
Q

heterotrophic

A

organisms obtain complex organic molecules by feeding on other living organisms or their dead remains

32
Q

envelope

A

of a chloroplast is outer and inner membranes along with the intermembrane space

33
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoid membranes within a chloroplast

34
Q

thylakoid

A

membrane disc found in the grana of a chloroplast

35
Q

lamellae

A

extensions of the thylakoid membranes which connect two or more grana acting as supporting skeleton in the chloroplast, maintaining a working distance between the grana so they get max light and function as possible

36
Q

stroma

A

matrix which surrounds the grana and contains the enzymes needed to complete the process of photosynthesis and produce glucose

37
Q

chlorophyll a

A

blue green photosynthetic pigment found in all green plants

38
Q

chlorophyll b

A

yellow green photosynthetic pigment

39
Q

carotenoids

A

photosynthetic pigments made up of orange carotene and yellow xanthophyll

40
Q

phaeophytin

A

grey pigment which is breakdown product of other photosynthetic pigment

41
Q

absorption spectrum

A

graph of amount of light absorbed by pigment against the wavelength of light

42
Q

action spectrum

A

graph demonstrating the rate of photosynthesis against the wavelength of light

43
Q

photosystem

A

combination of chlorophyll pigments which absorbs light of wavelength 700nm and is involved in cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation

44
Q

photosystem 2

A

combination of chlorphyll pigments which absorbs light wavelength 680 nm and is only involved in non cyclic phosphorylation

45
Q

light dependent reactions

A

reactions that take place in light on thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
-they product ATP and split water molecules in photochemical reaction providing hydrogen ions to reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbs

46
Q

light independent reactions

A

reactions that use reduced NADP and ATP produced by the light dependent stage- the calvin cycle

47
Q

calvin cycle

A

takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and result in the reduction of carbon dioxide from the air to bring about the synthesis of carbs

48
Q

photochemical reaction

A

reaction initiated by light

49
Q

cyclic photophosphorylation

A

process that drives production of ATP
-light excited electrons from PS1 taken up by electron acceptor and passed directly along electrons transport chain to produce ATP with electron returning to PS1

50
Q

non cyclic photophosphorylation

A

process involving both PS1 and PS2 in which water molecules are split using light energy to provide reducing power to make carbs and produce more ATP

51
Q

calvin cycle

A

series of enzyme controlled reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast and result in reduction of carbon dioxide from air to bring about synthesis of carbs

52
Q

photolysis

A

splitting of molecule using light

53
Q

ribulose bisphosphate

A

5C that joins with co2 from air in calvin cycle to fix the co2 to form a 6C compound

54
Q

RUBISCO

A

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
-rate controlling enzyme that catalyses reaction between co2 and RuBP

55
Q

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate- GALP

A

3C produced in calvin cycle using reduced NADP and ATP from in light dependent stage
-GALP used to replace RuBP needed in first step of the cycle in glycolysis and the krebs cycle and synthesis of amino acids

56
Q

photorespiration

A

alternative reacction catalysed by RUBISCO in low co2 area which used O2 and releases co2 making photosynthesis less efficient

57
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from non carbs

58
Q

limiting factor

A

factor needed for a reaction such as photosynthesis to progress that is closest to its minimum value

biology topic 5 Energy for biological processes (8 decks)

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