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biology topic 5 Energy for biological processes > cellular respiration > Flashcards

cellular respiration Flashcards

1
Q

autotrophic organisms

A

make their own food by photosynthesis

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2
Q

heterotrophic organisms

A

eat and digest other organisms

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3
Q

how is energy provided for other metabolic reactions

A

-energy in chemical bonds of food transferred to the bonds in ATP during cellular respiration providing energy for all other metabolic reactions

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4
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

process by which energy from food molecules in transferred to ATP

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5
Q

respiratory substrate

A

the substance thats broken down

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6
Q

main respiratory substrate used by cells

A

glucose

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7
Q

forms of waste products

A

-oxygen from air used in process
-carbon dioxide and water formed as waste products

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8
Q

how do waste products vary in different organisms

A

-the volume of oxygen used and volume of carbon dioxide produced change
-depending on level of activity of organism
-type of food being respired
-external factors- temperature

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9
Q

aerobic respiration

A

form of cellular respiration
-takes place in presence of oxygen

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10
Q

equation for aerobic respiration of glucose

A

-C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
-glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

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11
Q

features of aerobic respiration

A

-provides energy for all cellular reactions
-third phosphate bond broken by hydrolysis

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12
Q

what is breaking of ATP catalysed by

A

enzyme ATPase

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13
Q

result of breaking of ATP

A

ADP and free inorganic phosphate group
-exothermic reaction

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14
Q

reversible breakdown of ATP

A

phosphorylation of ADP and ATP also catalysed by ATPase

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15
Q

storage of ATP

A

-cant be stored in large amounts
-raw materials to make ATP always available

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16
Q

what happens once raw materials used to make ATP used up

A

-cellular respiration cannot continue and no more ATP is made
-onset of rigor mortis after death
-no more ATP = contracting proteins of muscles cant work and muscles lock solid

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17
Q

outline of aerobic respiration

A

-glucose- glycolysis- link reaction- krebs cycle all linked to electron transport chain

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18
Q

glycolysis stage of aerobic respiration

A

doesnt require oxygen
-little ATP produced here
-splitting of respiratory substrate begins
-molecules prepared for entry into second stage of process

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19
Q

krebs cycle as second stage

A

-needs oxygen to proceed

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20
Q

use of link reaction

A

-needed to move the products of glycolysis into the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

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21
Q

enzymes in biochemical pathways

A

-reactions controlled by enzymes
-each enzyme specific to particular reaction- different enzymes involved
-rate of reaction controlled by inhibition of enzymes- by other chemicals in reaction chain

22
Q

organisms that can respire without oxygen

A

-facultative organisms
few groups killed by use of oxygen

23
Q

features of glycolysis

A

first part of respiratory pathway
-not associated with any cell organelle
-other parts of pathway take place in mitochondria

24
Q

where are enzymes controlling glycolysis found

A

in cytoplasm

25
matrix of mitochondria
-contain enzymes of the krebs cycle
26
cristae of mitochondria
-contains stalked particles for ATP synthesis
27
cells with low mitochondria
-low energy requirement cells like fat cells- body cells
28
cells with high amount of mitochondria
-muscle- liver cells- active cells
29
whats not true about production of ATP
-ATP is not produced as direct result of breakdown of glucose
30
how is most AT produced
-from a series of oxidation and reduction reactions in electron transport chain
31
reduction of electrons in cells
addition of electrons -in cells this is brought by addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen
32
oxidation of electrons in cells
-removal of electrons from substance -in cells that has oxygen added or hydrogen or electrons removed
33
hydrogen in cellular respiration
-hydrogen removed from compounds and picked up by hydrogen acceptor so its reduced
34
stage of hydrogen after being reduced
hydrogen passes to next hydrogen acceptor and along electron transport chain
35
result of series of linked redox reactions
-each redox reaction releases small amount of energy which is used to drive synthesis of ATP
36
most common hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration
NAD- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
37
NAD as a coenzyme
one of the small molecules that assist in enzyme catalysed reactions
38
what happens what NAD accepts hydrogen atoms from metabolic pathway
becomes reduced form of NAD
39
reduced form of NAD
NADH
40
oxidised form of NAD
NAD+
41
FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide -another hydrogen carrier and coenzyme -accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD and formed reduced FAD2 -each time molecule of ATP produced in process
42
respirometer
gives information about rate of cellular respiration by measuring the uptake of oxygen or output of carbon dioxide by whole organism
43
basic respirometer features
has sealed chamber containing one or more living organism
44
chemical used in respirometer
like soda lime or potassium hydroxide used to absorb carbon dioxide produced by respiration -any changes in volume due to uptake of oxygen
45
what happens as organisms use oxygen in respirometer
-pressure reduced and fluid in manometer moves to tube containing organism
46
measuring volume of gas needed to return to manometer to normal
-measured by syringe -measurement then used to calculate intake of oxygen per minute and give approximate respiration condition
47
how to measure effect of external conditions on respiration
changing conditions such as temperature
48
1- way of investigating respiration at cellular level
break open cells and centrifuge contents to get fraction that has mitochondria -of they are supplied with glucose and oxygen they will produce ATP
49
2- investigating respiration at cellular level
-high resolving power of electron microscope has shown surface of inner membrane of mitochondria covered in stalked particles -increases surface area- ideal site for enzymes to work
50
3 - investigating respiration at cellular level
-stalked particles and bits of membrane associated with them separated from rest of mitochondrial structure -ATP synthesis only occurs here

biology topic 5 Energy for biological processes (8 decks)

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