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biology topic 5 Energy for biological processes > cellular respiration > Flashcards

cellular respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

autotrophic organisms

A

make their own food by photosynthesis

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2
Q

heterotrophic organisms

A

eat and digest other organisms

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3
Q

how is energy provided for other metabolic reactions

A

-energy in chemical bonds of food transferred to the bonds in ATP during cellular respiration providing energy for all other metabolic reactions

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4
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

process by which energy from food molecules in transferred to ATP

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5
Q

respiratory substrate

A

the substance thats broken down

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6
Q

main respiratory substrate used by cells

A

glucose

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7
Q

forms of waste products

A

-oxygen from air used in process
-carbon dioxide and water formed as waste products

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8
Q

how do waste products vary in different organisms

A

-the volume of oxygen used and volume of carbon dioxide produced change
-depending on level of activity of organism
-type of food being respired
-external factors- temperature

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9
Q

aerobic respiration

A

form of cellular respiration
-takes place in presence of oxygen

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10
Q

equation for aerobic respiration of glucose

A

-C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
-glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

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11
Q

features of aerobic respiration

A

-provides energy for all cellular reactions
-third phosphate bond broken by hydrolysis

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12
Q

what is breaking of ATP catalysed by

A

enzyme ATPase

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13
Q

result of breaking of ATP

A

ADP and free inorganic phosphate group
-exothermic reaction

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14
Q

reversible breakdown of ATP

A

phosphorylation of ADP and ATP also catalysed by ATPase

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15
Q

storage of ATP

A

-cant be stored in large amounts
-raw materials to make ATP always available

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16
Q

what happens once raw materials used to make ATP used up

A

-cellular respiration cannot continue and no more ATP is made
-onset of rigor mortis after death
-no more ATP = contracting proteins of muscles cant work and muscles lock solid

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17
Q

outline of aerobic respiration

A

-glucose- glycolysis- link reaction- krebs cycle all linked to electron transport chain

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18
Q

glycolysis stage of aerobic respiration

A

doesnt require oxygen
-little ATP produced here
-splitting of respiratory substrate begins
-molecules prepared for entry into second stage of process

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19
Q

krebs cycle as second stage

A

-needs oxygen to proceed

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20
Q

use of link reaction

A

-needed to move the products of glycolysis into the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

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21
Q

enzymes in biochemical pathways

A

-reactions controlled by enzymes
-each enzyme specific to particular reaction- different enzymes involved
-rate of reaction controlled by inhibition of enzymes- by other chemicals in reaction chain

22
Q

organisms that can respire without oxygen

A

-facultative organisms
few groups killed by use of oxygen

23
Q

features of glycolysis

A

first part of respiratory pathway
-not associated with any cell organelle
-other parts of pathway take place in mitochondria

24
Q

where are enzymes controlling glycolysis found

A

in cytoplasm

25
Q

matrix of mitochondria

A

-contain enzymes of the krebs cycle

26
Q

cristae of mitochondria

A

-contains stalked particles for ATP synthesis

27
Q

cells with low mitochondria

A

-low energy requirement cells like fat cells- body cells

28
Q

cells with high amount of mitochondria

A

-muscle- liver cells- active cells

29
Q

whats not true about production of ATP

A

-ATP is not produced as direct result of breakdown of glucose

30
Q

how is most AT produced

A

-from a series of oxidation and reduction reactions in electron transport chain

31
Q

reduction of electrons in cells

A

addition of electrons
-in cells this is brought by addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen

32
Q

oxidation of electrons in cells

A

-removal of electrons from substance
-in cells that has oxygen added or hydrogen or electrons removed

33
Q

hydrogen in cellular respiration

A

-hydrogen removed from compounds and picked up by hydrogen acceptor so its reduced

34
Q

stage of hydrogen after being reduced

A

hydrogen passes to next hydrogen acceptor and along electron transport chain

35
Q

result of series of linked redox reactions

A

-each redox reaction releases small amount of energy which is used to drive synthesis of ATP

36
Q

most common hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration

A

NAD- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

37
Q

NAD as a coenzyme

A

one of the small molecules that assist in enzyme catalysed reactions

38
Q

what happens what NAD accepts hydrogen atoms from metabolic pathway

A

becomes reduced form of NAD

39
Q

reduced form of NAD

A

NADH

40
Q

oxidised form of NAD

A

NAD+

41
Q

FAD

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide
-another hydrogen carrier and coenzyme
-accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD and formed reduced FAD2
-each time molecule of ATP produced in process

42
Q

respirometer

A

gives information about rate of cellular respiration by measuring the uptake of oxygen or output of carbon dioxide by whole organism

43
Q

basic respirometer features

A

has sealed chamber containing one or more living organism

44
Q

chemical used in respirometer

A

like soda lime or potassium hydroxide used to absorb carbon dioxide produced by respiration
-any changes in volume due to uptake of oxygen

45
Q

what happens as organisms use oxygen in respirometer

A

-pressure reduced and fluid in manometer moves to tube containing organism

46
Q

measuring volume of gas needed to return to manometer to normal

A

-measured by syringe
-measurement then used to calculate intake of oxygen per minute and give approximate respiration condition

47
Q

how to measure effect of external conditions on respiration

A

changing conditions such as temperature

48
Q

1- way of investigating respiration at cellular level

A

break open cells and centrifuge contents to get fraction that has mitochondria
-of they are supplied with glucose and oxygen they will produce ATP

49
Q

2- investigating respiration at cellular level

A

-high resolving power of electron microscope has shown surface of inner membrane of mitochondria covered in stalked particles
-increases surface area- ideal site for enzymes to work

50
Q

3 - investigating respiration at cellular level

A

-stalked particles and bits of membrane associated with them separated from rest of mitochondrial structure
-ATP synthesis only occurs here

biology topic 5 Energy for biological processes (8 decks)

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