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Biology topic 1 (biological molecules) > key terms > Flashcards

key terms Flashcards

1
Q

anion

A

negative ion formed

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2
Q

cation

A

positive ion formed

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3
Q

ionic bonds

A

attractive forces between oppositley charges ions

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4
Q

covalent bonds

A

when atoms share electrons

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5
Q

dipole

A

seperation of charge in molecule when electrons in covalent bonding not evenly shared

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6
Q

polar molecule

A

molecule that has a dipole

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7
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules that have at least one hydrogen atom

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8
Q

monomer

A

small unit makes up larger polymer

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9
Q

polymer

A

longer molecule of repeating molecules made of monomer

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10
Q

macromolecule

A

large chain of molecule formed by polymerisation

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11
Q

starch

A

long chain polymer formed by alpha glucose monomers

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12
Q

sucrose

A

sweet tasting disaccharide of joining alpha glucose and fructose in a glycosidic bond

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13
Q

glucose

A

hexose sugar

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14
Q

monosaccharide

A

single sugar unit

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15
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in condensation reaction

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16
Q

polysaccharide

A

polymer of long chain of monosaccharides joined by glcosydic bonds

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17
Q

triose sugar

A

sugar with 3 carbon atoms

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18
Q

pentose sugar

A

with 5 carbon atoms

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19
Q

ribose

A

pentose sugar that makes up part of RNA

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20
Q

deoxyribose

A

pentose sugar that makes up part of DNA

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21
Q

hexose sugar

A

with 6 carbons

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22
Q

condensation reaction

A

molecule of water removed from reacting molecule as bonding takes place

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23
Q

glycosidic bond

A

covalent bond between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction

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24
Q

reducing sugars

A

react with benedicts and reduce copper 3 ions to copper 2

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25
Q

oligosacharides

A

molecules with 3-10 monosacharide units

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26
Q

hydrolysis

A

bonds are broken with the addition of a water molecule

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27
Q

amylose

A

complex carb joined together by gluose monomers in 1-4 glysocidic bond so molecule unbranched

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28
Q

amylopectin

A

made of 1-4 and 1-6 so molecule branched

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29
Q

glycogen

A

alpha glucose joined by 1-4 but some 1-6 to give branches on side of molecule

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30
Q

cellulose

A

beta glucose joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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31
Q

lipids

A

in cell membranes and energy store of cells.
tryglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

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32
Q

fatty acid

A

organic acid with long hydrocarbon chain

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33
Q

glycerol

A

propane 1,2,3 triol
important in tryglycerides

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34
Q

ester bond

A

formed in condensation reaction of one carboxyl of fatty acid and one hydroxyl of glycerol

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35
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

carbon joined to carbon in chain by single covalent bond

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36
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

carbon to carbon in chain by one or more double bonds

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37
Q

monosaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid with only double covalent bond between carbons in chain

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38
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid with two or more double bonds between carbons

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39
Q

esterification

A

formation of ester bonds

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40
Q

hydrophillic

A

molecules dissolve readily into water

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41
Q

hydrophobic

A

dont dissolve into water

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42
Q

monolayer

A

single closely packed layer of atoms or molecules

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43
Q

micelle

A

sphere of molecules hydrophobic in middle and hydrohphillic outside

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44
Q

bilayer

A

double layer of closely packed atoms

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45
Q

unit membrane

A

bilayer formed by phospholipids with hydrophobic heads and hydrophillic tails

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46
Q

amino acids

A

amine group
carboxyl group attached to carbons and R group varies

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47
Q

peptide bond

A

condensation reaction between amino acids

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48
Q

dipeptide

A

two amino acids joined by peptide bonds

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49
Q

polypeptide

A

long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

50
Q

fibrous proteins

A

long parrallel polypeptide chains with some cross linkage to form fibres but little tertiary structure

51
Q

disulfide bonds

A

strong covalent bond as result of oxidation reaction between organic close structures of polypeptide bonds

52
Q

globular proteins

A

large proteins with tertiary and sometimes quaternary structure folded into globular shapes

53
Q

haemoglobin

A

large protein transporting oxygen and give erothycytes their pigment

54
Q

collagen

A

strong fibrous protein with triple helix structure

55
Q

denaturation

A

loss of 3D shape as result of temp of PH

56
Q

prosthetic group

A

molecule incorporated in conjugated protein

57
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein with carb prosthetic group

58
Q

protease

A

protein digesting enzyme

59
Q

lipoprotein

A

protein with lipid prosthetic group

60
Q

nucleotides

A

5 carbon pentose sugar
nitrogen based rings
phosphate groups
joined in condensation reaction

61
Q

ATP

A

made of adenine
pentose sugar
3 phosphate groups

62
Q

purine base

A

base in nucleotides with 2 nitrogen rings

63
Q

pyrimidine base

A

base in nucleotides with one nitrogen ring

64
Q

adenine

A

purine base in DNA and RNA

65
Q

thymine

A

pyrimidine base in DNA

66
Q

guanine

A

purine base in DNA and RNA

67
Q

cytosine

A

pyrimidine base in DNA and RNA

68
Q

uracil

A

pyrimidine base in RNA

69
Q

ATpase

A

catalyses breakdown and formation of ATP

70
Q

ADP

A

nucleotide forms when ATP loses nitrogen base

71
Q

reduction/ oxidation

A

one gains and one loses

72
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers made of many nucleotide units that carry information to make new cells

73
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

bond between phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of other nucleotide joined by condensation reaction

74
Q

genome

A

entire genetic material of an organism

75
Q

DNA helicase

A

unzips DNA molecule

76
Q

DNA polymerase

A

lines up and catalyses joining of bases to strand

77
Q

DNA ligase

A

catalyses formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

78
Q

translation

A

proteins produced via RNA from DNA on ribosomes

79
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis in cell

80
Q

triplet code

A

code of three bases

81
Q

gene

A

sequence of bases in DNA that makes amino acid

82
Q

codon

A

sequence of three bases in DNA or mRNA

83
Q

complementary strand

A

strand of RNA complements DNA acting as coding strand

84
Q

mRNA

A

RNA formed in nucleus that carries genetic code out of cytoplasm

85
Q

antisense strand

A

DNA strand that codes for proteins

86
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that polymerases nucleotide units to form RNA sequence determined by DNA antisense

87
Q

transfer RNA

A

pick up amino acids from ribosome and line up with RNA strand

88
Q

anticodon

A

sequence of three bases complementary to bases of mRNA codons

89
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

RNA that makes up half of ribosome structure

90
Q

polysomes

A

group of ribosomes joined by mRNA that can make lots of particular type of proteins

91
Q

sense strand

A

same base of sequence as mRNA transcribed by antisense strand

92
Q

mutation

A

permenant change in DNA of organism

93
Q

point mutation

A

change in one or small number of nucleotides in organisms

94
Q

substitution

A

one base changed for another

95
Q

deletion

A

one or some bases left out

96
Q

insertion

A

extra base added into gene

97
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

changes in entire position of genes within a chromosome e

98
Q

whole chromosome mutation

A

whole changed

99
Q

catalyst

A

speeds up reaction without changing it or products

100
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts that speed up reaction of certain type of groups

101
Q

specificifty

A

enzymes will only catalyse specific group of substrates because of tertiary and quaternayry structure

102
Q

anabolic reaction

A

build up new cells in cell

103
Q

catabolic reaction

A

breaks down cells in cell

104
Q

matabolism

A

sum of anabolic and catabolic reactions in cell

105
Q

metabolic chain

A

series of linked reactions in metabolism

106
Q

intracellular enzymes

A

catalyse reactions in cell

107
Q

extracellular enzymes

A

catalyse reactions outside of cell

108
Q

activation energy

A

min amount of energy needed to start reaction

109
Q

substrate

A

molecules which enzymes act on

110
Q

lock and key

A

active site exact shape as substrate

111
Q

active site

A

depression in quaternary structure of enzyme

112
Q

induced fit

A

active site fits around substrate

113
Q

initial rate of reaction

A

compare rate of enzyme controlled experiments

114
Q

molecular activity

A

number of substrate molecules transformed per minute

115
Q

temperature coefficient

A

measure of effect of temp on enzyme reaction

116
Q

enzyme inhibitors

A

substance that slows down or stops enzymes from working

117
Q

reversible inhibitors

A

effects taken back

118
Q

irreversible inhibitors

A

effects cant be taken back

119
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

same shape as substrate and fit into active site

120
Q

non competitive inhibitors

A

attach to outside of enzyme and change shape of active site

121
Q

regulatory enzyme

A

seperate site where another molecule can go to have activating or inhibitory effect

122
Q

end product inhibition

A

product formed inhibits enzyme involved in cataylsation

Biology topic 1 (biological molecules) (11 decks)

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