Key terminology Flashcards
Assimilation
The eventual adoption of cultural traits owned by a majority community by a minority, usually at the expense of its own distinctiveness.
Asylum seeker
A person who flees a country and asks for the right of international protection.
Backwash (Migration)
The flow of resources, people, and investment from periphery to core regions. This means the polarisation of the core and periphery regions prosperity within the same country.
Bretton Woods institutions
Large IGO’s such as the IMF and World Bank were formed in the US at the end of WW11 to aid in the rebuilding of a flourishing international economy.
core-periphery systems
The uneven distribution of population between regions, which leads to the increasing flows of migrants, investment, and resources.
corporate migration
When a TNC changes its corporate identity, moving it’s HQ from one country to another.
cultural cohesion
The capacity of different ethnic groups to make mutual strides to live together as a flourishing community of the same state.
cultural heterogeneity
A society where there is a large number of different cultural groups resulting in a multi-lingual, and multi-faith community.
cultural landscape
the distinctive character of a geographical place or region that has been shaped over time by a combination of human and physical processes.
culture
the ideas, behaviours, customs, and beliefs of a social group or society.
diaspora
a group of people which have a shared cultural background which have spread from their homeland.
economy of scale (Migration)
The process of an increased production of commodities causing a fall in price, due to the fixed prices of production. E.g., lighting a factory staying the same even on a larger scale.
ethnic cleansing
the deliberate removal of one ethnic group by another through killing or forced removal.
ethnic segregation
the voluntary or involuntary separation of groups of different cultures or ethnic backgrounds.
ethnicity
the common identity of a group based on their cultural heritage or their customs of clothing, religion, diet, or language.
ethnoscape
a cultural landscape crafted by a minority ethnic group, such as a minority migrant group. Their culture is clearly demonstrated through the way they have shaped the place they live.
Expatriate
A migrant who has moved to another country but still remains a citizen of the country they has previously lived.
Failed state
A government which has lost political control and is unable to carry out basic functions for its society such as resourcing. This leads to adverse conditions on some or all of its population.
global citizenship
A person who associated with more global issues, values, and culture rather than or addition to narrower place-based identity.
global commons
global resources so large they fall out of the area of governance for just one space. There are 4 regions, these are:
- Outer space
- Antarctica
- The atmosphere
- The oceans.
global governance
the norms, rules, and steers used to regulate human activity on an international scale.
hegemonic power
The ability of a powerful state to exert influence without the need for ‘hard power’ tactics.
HIPC policies
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative was launched in 1996 by the IMF and World Bank and aimed to aid countries in rebuilding their economies. This meant strong restrictions and regulations used.
homogenous culture
A culture where there is very little cultural diversity ,and people share a lot of the same cultural traits.
Media plurality
The ownership of several different media outlets by one company.
MINT
4 Fast-growing economies:
- Mexico
- Indonesia
- Nigeria
- Turkey
Nation
A territorial group of people who may lack sovereignty.
national identity
a sense of a nation as a distinctive whole through its shown characteristics.
Nationalism
The view that cultural identity and sovereignty is paramount, and we should abandon policies which may pose a threat to national identity
Nationalist
The belief that their own interests are more important than those belonging to other nations
Negative externalities
Impacts suffered by third party members because of changing economic activity. This may be unintended socioeconomic impacts such as unemployment or environmental impacts such as climate change.
Neo-colonialism
The activities performed by previously colonial countries which inadvertently regain partial influence over another nation.
Neo-liberalism
The belief in the freer movement of people. Open borders, and deregulation of financial markets.
Parent company
A company which a TNC had developed around, and who’s head is responsible for major decision making in these companies as a whole.
Post-colonial migrants
People who moved to the UK from the former colonies in the 1950’s - 70’s.
Refugee
A person who has to flee their home because of persecution, whether as an individual or as a mass exodus.
Schengen Agreement
An international agreement among the EU which aims to make travel easier for people within the EU. Therefore, passports do not need to be shown at the border of 26 different countries.
Secession
The act of separation of part of a state to create a new fully-formed country.
Sovereign Wealth Fund
An international union of countries which aims to give loans and banks to nations. This is associated with countries such as China and Qatar, which have large revenue from inputs such as oil.
sovereignty
the ability of a group of people to self-govern without the fear of outside influence.
State
No other country or sovereignty holds power over it.
SAP’s
Structural adjustment plans are put in place by the IMF in order to readjust LIC’s failed states. This comes with heavy conditions attached.
tax haven
a country or terrirory with nil or low corporation tax, such as Bermuda.
transboundary water
a reservoir of water which is contained in a place which runs over boundaries.
transfer pricing
One branch of a TNC in one country charges another branch of the same company for services or goods. This leads to less taxation price.
trickle-down
The benefits given to a periphery region if the core region is thriving. Such as regional aid and investment, or technology and infrastructure.
unilateral intervention
a military undertaking by a state which is outside of the UN.
voluntary economic migrant
a migrant whose primary goal is to seek employment. migrants already with jobs may need to search for better pay.
war on terror
the US scheme to campaign against international terrorism.
westernisation
the promotion through soft power of European and North American culture and values.
