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Geography - Migration > EQ3 > Flashcards

EQ3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who are the five permanent members of the UN secretary council?

A

China, Russia, The UK, US, France.

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2
Q

How many total members of the UN Security council are there?

A

15:
10 rotational.
5 permanent.

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3
Q

How many parts to the UN are there?

A

‘6 organs’ which are the groups within the council.
Secretary council
General assembly
International Court of Justice.

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4
Q

What is the definition of ‘global governance’?

A

Describes the steering of rates, norms, codes, and regulations referring to human activity globally.

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5
Q

What are the top two most important human rights statements made in the declaration of human rights?

A

Everyone has the right to an education.
Everyone has the right to social order so that we can enjoy these rights.

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6
Q

What are the two most important global conventions that have been assembled because of the UN?

A

Earth Summit in 1992 in Rio.
Millennium Development Goals. (September 2000)

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7
Q

How is the UN trying to advocate for women and girls rights by discouraging certain activities?

A

Sustainable development goal: Gender equality and empowering women and girls.
They discourage:
- Child marriage
- Female Genital Mutilation (90% of women in Sudan)
- Domestic abuse

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8
Q

How is the UN trying to advocate for women and girls rights through encouraging certain activities?

A

They encourage:
- Access to technology
- Access to the economy

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9
Q

Where are women’s rights being revoked?

A

Afghanistan:
- Under the Taliban, women can no longer go outside without accompaniment, nor can they attend university.

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10
Q

How do Sanctions by the UN protect human rights?

A
  • Aims to change policy
  • They place economic sanctions in order to express disapproval, and add pressure to country’s economy, in hopes it will change policy.
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11
Q

Where has the UN implemented sanctions?

A
  • Russian Federation contestants can no longer compete in the Olympics.
  • UN economically sanctioned Libya until it renounced its WMD’s.
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12
Q

How can peacekeepers from the UN protect human rights?

A
  • They can prevent conflict through armed presence.
  • They deployed armed forces in Rwanda. However, this wasn’t successful, as they left the massacre, claiming there was ‘no peace left to keep,’
  • However, they currently have 18,000 stationed in the DRC.
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13
Q

How do War crime trials protect human rights?

A

Stationed in the Hague, they try and convict people of war crimes.
- They convicted Karadzic for genocide in the Bosnian War.
- It established justice. However, it took 8 years for the final sentence to be carried out. It is a slow process. (2008 - 2016)

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14
Q

How do refugee camps and shelter help to support human rights?

A
  • Support people in conflict
  • They have helped established shelter for the 8.1 million refugees fleeing Ukraine.
  • However, they do not help tackle the origin of the conflict.
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15
Q

What is unilateral intervention?

A

This is action taken outside of the UN, due to decisions made by a separate nation or group of nations.

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16
Q

Why did Argentina invade the Falkland islands in 1982?

A

Over a land dispute. Argentina believed it had territorial claim. The UN condemned Argentina’s actions.

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17
Q

Why did Russia annex Crimea in 2014?

A

Putin believed this region of Ukraine is ethnically Russian, and therefore belongs to Russia. 100 of the 111 countries that voted in the UN general assembly believed that Crimea should stay part of Ukraine.

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18
Q

Why did the UK and US invade Iraq in 2003?

A
  • these countries both claimed there were WMD’s in Iraq.
  • A spokesperson for the UN (Kofi Annan) condemned the actions the British and Americans took. They claim they took this action because the UN was taking too long.
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19
Q

What was impact of the conflict in Rwanda?

A

During 100 days of genocide, 500,000 Tutsi were killed during 1994.

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20
Q

How affective was the UN in peacekeeping during the Bosnian war?

A
  • It tried to create safe zones, but was unsuccessful. Therefore, NATO ended the conflict through a naval blockade and air strikes.
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21
Q

Why did girls in Tanzania suffer from privatisation?

A

Tanzania agreed to an SAP after being in need of debt relief. This means that they were obliged to privatise their water business. This meant bills were arriving at houses where they couldn’t afford to pay, and their supplies were cut off. As a result of this, girls would have to miss school to collect water.

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22
Q

Why did girls in Tanzania suffer from privatisation?

A

Tanzania agreed to an SAP after being in need of $143 million in debt relief. This means that they were obliged to privatise their water business. This meant bills were arriving at houses where they couldn’t afford to pay, and their supplies were cut off. As a result of this, girls would have to miss school to collect water.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the IMF?

A

‘To ensure global financial stability’
Governments pay into this fund.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the World Bank?

A

‘Finance global development,’
Governments pay into this fund.

25
Q

What is the purpose of the WTO?

A

‘Promote free trade,’
Reduce tariffs and duties to allow this. Neo-liberal ideology stating that a free market is the only way to economic efficiency.

26
Q

When were the big three IGO’s established?

A

At the Bretton Woods Institutions:
- End of WW2 by allied nations.
- Formed to avoid the damaging protectionist policies of the 1930’s.
- They decided on the Washington Consensus. This is the ideology that all member nations wished to foster the growth of the global economy.

27
Q

What are the key principles of the Bretton Woods Institutions?

A
  • Fixed exchange rate on the USD (Make trade easier)
  • Stabilise global systems by lending loans to countries in financial difficulty. (IMG and WB)
  • 23 leading nations aiming to remove barriers from the flow of trade.
28
Q

How has the US got disproportionate influence over the WB?

A
  • They had the most economic power after the war, and therefore were large decision-makers.
  • the WB and IMF HQ’s are in Washington DC
  • holds a lot of voting power due to a pay per vote system.
29
Q

What is the result of the US’s disproportionate voter power in the IMF and world Bank?

A
  • It has marginalised many alternative economic systems which are not capitalist and neo-liberal.
  • E.g., the Latin American Approach to economics was pressed out.
  • this means the Us has hegemonic power (uses soft power tactics)
30
Q

What is the state of national debt?

A

Brazil - $55 bil in debt
Mexico - $50 bil in debt.
This makes up 35% of debt for the 6 countries with the largest debt in the world.

31
Q

What are SAP’s?

A

They are loans which are given to low income countries as a promise that they’ll change the structure of their governance. This happened in Tanzania, and Bolivia, where this actually disadvantaged the rural and poorest populations.

32
Q

How did developed countries benefit from SAP’s?

A

Developed countries such as the UK, which suffered from major post-war bankruptcy, benefitted from the restructuring in the 1950’s.

33
Q

How did emerging countries benefit from SAP’s?

A

The BRIC groups benefitted from the SAP schemes, because they emerged from developing countries into emerging countries, due to a boost in free trade and a larger growth of economy.

34
Q

How have developing countries suffered under SAP’s?

A

SAP’s are not always good for developing countries, as they involve the privatisation of many government-owned businesses, which can often be unaffordable to the poorest rural and urban dwellers.
Malawi: Grain privatisation led to shortening of life expectancy to 37 years due to mass agricultural famine.

35
Q

How did Gordon Brown benefit HIPC’s? (Heavily indebted poor countries)

A

He convinced the G8 summit to relieve the debts of 18 HIPC’s.
However, a condition was added to the agreement that all countries which saved from the debt relief had to spend the money on poverty reduction.

36
Q

How was Uganda relieved of its debt?

A

It was let off 60% of its £120 million debt.

37
Q

How do SAP’s impact national sovereignty?

A

SAP’s decrease national sovereignty because conditions must be met in order to conform to the contracts of large IGO’s, which means forfeiting certain ideoologies.

38
Q

What is the Key difference between the EU and USMCA?

A

USMCA = trade-based agreement.
- Retain individual currencies and ideologies.
EU = Political union.
- Open borders
- common currency
- share defence and economic policy

39
Q

What are the six types of trade bloc?

A
  • Preferential trade area (Lower barriers among members)
  • Free Trade Area (Eliminate internal barriers, but retain individual external barriers (USMCA))
  • Customs Union (Eliminate internal barriers and agree on common external barriers EU + Turkey)
  • Common market (Eliminate barriers and create common external policy with free movement of flows between countries (West Africa Common))
  • Economic Union (Eliminate internal barriers, agree on common external barriers, and share economic policy EU)
  • Full Integration - USA
40
Q

Why have Trade Blocs emerged?

A

As a response to the failings of IGO’s such as the WTO.
The time-taken for international policy to be adapted is too slow, and therefore leads to the emergence of trade blocs. (This does, however require a surrendering of sovereignty by the member countries)

41
Q

What are the benefits for TNC’s if a country joins a trade bloc?

A

Market for firms grows: When 10 more countries joined the EU in 2004, Tesco’s client base grew by 75 million people.

42
Q

How do trade blocs encourage integration?

A

Centripetal forces bring people together, such as common currency, and sharing laws etc. This causes closer political unity.
The contrary to this is centrifugal forces, which drive countries apart, and encourage nationalist beliefs.

43
Q

What were the benefits of Brexit?

A
  • Increased national sovereignty
  • Control of migration
  • Trade opportunity beyond the EU.
44
Q

What have we lost from Brexit?

A
  • More regulations on shipping abroad, now that we have to create our own legislation.
  • Ships over the channel only function at 60% capacity.
45
Q

What is the Montreal protocol, and how was it successful?

A
  • 1960’s UN programme. - CFC’s were creating holes in the Ozone layer. Signed in 1987, the UN made a protocol which ensured manufacturers would change the way they made fridges. This led to the fixing of the ozone layer, and no one got skin cancer.
46
Q

What is the Climate Change Agreement, and how has it been successful?

A

1992 Earth Summit created an agreement to reduce carbon emissions to keep the atmosphere at a good temperature.
This hasn’t worked, as the pledges are not legally enforceable.

47
Q

What is CITES and how has it been successful?

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species:
In 1975, 181 countries signed an agreement to protect endangered species, and aim to restore biodiversity.
- the Ne Ne bird in Hawaii has been saved from endangerment, but illegal trade of wildlife increased in China, as it simply moved to the black market.

48
Q

What was the MEA and how was it successful?

A

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:
- Financial value is allocated to different ecosystem services based on their monetary value. Therefore, driving countries to protect them.
This has been successful due to the capitalist morals fitting in with the global marketplace.

49
Q

Why are Narwhal’s different from Whales?

A

They are not protected by CITES, or the International Whaling Commission.

50
Q

What is UNCLOS?

A

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: 1982
- Aimed to protect biodiversity
- Establish EEZ’s
-Regulate global shipping
- Rights of landlocked states

51
Q

How has UNLOS been successful?

A

Number of whales being hunted has decreased by 60,000 in 70 years.

52
Q

What is the UN Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Water Courses and Lakes?

A

year 2000:
- Aimed to ensure the quality, quality, and sustainable use of transboundary water.

53
Q

What is the Antarctica Treaty System?

A

It was decided in 1987:
- No one owns the Arctic
- whaling is banned in these waters
- Mining is banned due to the Madrid protocol of 1991. This is up for review in 2041.

54
Q

How has the Antarctica Treaty System been successful?

A

No one has exploited the arctic yet. However, this may not be forever, because the agreement is up for review in 2041.

55
Q

What pressures will the arctic face in the future?

A

Resource pressures and population increase.

56
Q

What are the pressures to marine biodiversity in Japan?

A

Overfishing of tuna. 90% of the fish that were taken up in the past year have been specimens that were yet to reproduce.

57
Q

What pressures to savannah biodiversity face?

A

Ivory hunting in Kenya led to the increased poaching of Elephants for the black market.
This led to the Kenya government burning 105 tonnes of illegally sourced ivory.
Prince William says the issue will never die down due to greed.

58
Q

Where has denied the IWC ban on whalling on account of it being part of their culture?

A

Japan

Geography - Migration (6 decks)

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