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Module 202 > key shit to learn > Flashcards

key shit to learn Flashcards

1
Q

allodynia

hyperalgesia

A

allodynia- non noxious stimuli produce painful response

hyperalgesia- noxious stimuli create exaggerated pain response

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2
Q

algesia

A

senstitivity to pain

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3
Q

HPA axis

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

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4
Q

anencephaly

A

top of neural tube doesn’t close- fatal pre birth

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5
Q

eNa
eK
eCa
ecl

A

+60
-90
+123
-40

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6
Q

inactivation of monoamines

A

MAO

COMT

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7
Q

communication of fourth ventricle

A
  • foramen of luschka
  • foramen of magendie
    into cisterna magna
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8
Q

CaMKII

A

calcium calmodulin dependant protein kinase 2

  • insert AMPA
  • phosphorylates AMPA, increasing effectiveness

activates itself so Ca no longer required

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9
Q

chemorepellent

chemoattractant

A

slit - robo is receptor. axons that cross the midline then express more robo so they grow away

netrin

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10
Q

naloxone

A

blocks effects of opiates

- antagonist of opioid receptor

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11
Q

morphine

A

analgesic

Respiratory Depression/Airway Loss
Nausea and Vomiting
Constipation/Pruritis
Miosis

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12
Q

ketamine

A
  • anaesthetic and analgesic
  • NMDA Receptors
    Not GABA
    Analgesic local/general
    Anaesthetic
    Sedative
    SIDE EFFECTS emergence phenomena
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13
Q

ASPIRIN

A

NSAID
Act by inhibiting Cyclooxygenase 1and 2

Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti inflammatory

Side Effects  :
Gastric Irritation
Bronchospasm
Renal Impairment
Platelet function 
Oxidative phosphorylation 
Air Hunger 
Reyes Syndrome
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14
Q

paracetamol

A
  • unknown

- overdose hepatotoxicity

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15
Q

antiemetic

A

Propofol/ cannabinoids

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16
Q

diazepam

A

increase GABA receptor efficiency

Over Sedation
Loss of Airway
Respiratory Depression

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17
Q

bit at bottom of Sc

A

under L1

- cauda equina

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18
Q

ventral routes

dorsal routes

A

efferent
afferent

ventral has an e in it; dorsal doesn’t x

youre welcome

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19
Q

2 afferent dorsal column roots up the __ pathway

A

medial lemniscus pathway

first order neurons enter dorsal column through

  1. fasciculus gracilis
    - to terminate in nucleus gracilis in medulla
    - info from lower limb
  2. fasciculus cuneatus
    - to terminate in nucleus cuneatus in medulla
    - info from upper limb
20
Q

grey matter organisation

A

dorsal horn = sensory inputs
lateral horn = preganglionic sympathetic
ventral = motor neurons

21
Q

tracts basic

A

SENSORY

medial lemniscus

  • up dorsal column
  • fine touch proprioception
  • uncrossed

spinothalamic

  • up anterolateral column
  • pain, temp crude touch
  • crossed

spinocerebellar

  • up lateral column
  • unconscious muscle proprioception (smooth muscle coordination)
  • synapse in dorsal horn

MOTOR

corticospinal tract

  • voluntary movement
  • 80% cross (lateral corticospinal tract)
  • 20% same side (anterior corticospinal tract)

^^ all pass through pyramids

extrapyramidal tract:

reticulospinal tract

  • reticular formation (pons) > sc
  • regulates ventral horn reflexes/ motor activity
  • facilitates and inhibits LMN
  • posture and locomotion

rubrospinal tract
- flexor muscles in upper limbs

vestibulospinal tract

  • go from inner ear down
  • medial guide head and neck muscles to keep eyes stable as body moves
  • lateral goes down to flexors in legs to help with posture

tectospinal tract:

  • info from retina in visual cortex
  • goes down to neck and trunk muscles to keep vision steady
22
Q

Apraxia

A

Apraxia: Inability to carryout purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or paresis

damage between interconnections between sensory and motor areas

ideational- cant show sequence of how to make a sandwich

ideomotor- unable to use a pair of scissors

23
Q

dystonia

A

where your hand bugs out while you are writing

repeated activation leads to unusual firing patterns
primarily sensory

Dystonia- sustained muscle contractions, usually producing
twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures or positions.
If only occurs with certain actions, said to be ‘task specific’.

24
Q

the branches in cerebellum

A

abor vitae

25
dysmetria dysnergia dysdiadochokinesia intentional tremor dysarthria
Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot) Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement Dysarthria – articulation inco.ordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
26
yellow spot on far right opthalmascope
fovea
27
layers of processing retina cells involved
``` vertical: ganglions bipolars receptors (pigment cells) ``` horizontal: amacrine cells horizontal cells
28
1 hypercolumn contains
1. ocular dominance column 2. orientation column 3. colour blob
29
half eye blindness name and types
hemianopia homonymous bitemporal scotoma - patches missing
30
dorsal and ventral stream
dorsal stream = location, motion, action occipital > parietal ventral stream = recognising people, objects, conscious perception occipital > temporal
31
visual agnosia
patient can act but not describe opposite is visual ataxia
32
eye reflexes
vestibulo-occular reflex - turns head to follow moving object optokinetic reflex - stabilises moving imagine on retina pupillary reflex - if one illuminated both should constrict - as nuclei receive signals from both eyes - damage to optic nerve- other eye is fine, illuminated one doesn't constrict (as pns part is broken) - Damage to one oculomotor nerve will prevent pupil contraction in that eye, but stimulation of either eye will cause contraction in the pupil in the second eye. check this
33
middle ear bones
incus in the middle , malleus, attached to ear drum stapes - has a hole in it ostosclerosis- stapes fuses to oval window - fixed surgically
34
ear hair cells
inner hair cells- afferent - type I spiral neurons - sensory - outer hair cells - efferent - type II spiral neurons - sensorimotor out = exit detect changes in basilar membrane of cochlear - high frequency
35
central auditory system overview
Cochlear Nucleus (CN) – parallel processing starts here Superior Olivary Complex (SOC) – uses inter-aural time differences and inter-aural intensity differences for localization Inferior Colliculus (IC) – combines spatial analysis from SOC with information from dorsal CN, and directs auditory reflexes Auditory Cortex (AC) – many functions including the analysis of complex sounds (eg speech) and sound localization
36
hyposmia
hyposmia age, upper resp infection, head trauma
37
gustatory central
CN7/9/10 - to nucleus of solitary tract - synapse in thalamus - to insula (primary gustatory cortex) - to prefrontal cortex (2ndry gustatory cortex)
38
morphine dependance
Gi - inhibit neurons of Locus coerulus Gs - stimulate neurons of locus coerulus LC is noradrenaline - it is fear and arousal ``` acute = lots of Gi withdrawl = lots of Gs ```
39
alcohol dependance
NMDA antagonis GABA agonist chronic = downregulation GABA = upregulation NMDA so withdrawal is arousal
40
limbic system consists of
8 - hippocampus - fornix - insula - amygdala - mamillary bodies - hypothalamus - orbitofrontal cortex - cingulate gyrus
41
2 parts of amygdala
basolateral - new | corticomedial - old
42
Amitriptyline
tricyclic antidepressant
43
analgesics
ibuprofen - NSAID paracetamol morphine - opiate receptor agonist - mu
44
anti migraine drug
pizotifen inhibit serotonin and histamine
45
antiepileptics
- carbamazepine > GABA agonist - sodium valproate > GABA, block Na channels - phenobarbitone (barbiturate) > GABA agonist, glutamate antagonist - phenytoin > block NA channels, decrease threshold

Module 202 (49 decks)

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