key shit to learn Flashcards
allodynia
hyperalgesia
allodynia- non noxious stimuli produce painful response
hyperalgesia- noxious stimuli create exaggerated pain response
algesia
senstitivity to pain
HPA axis
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
anencephaly
top of neural tube doesn’t close- fatal pre birth
eNa
eK
eCa
ecl
+60
-90
+123
-40
inactivation of monoamines
MAO
COMT
communication of fourth ventricle
- foramen of luschka
- foramen of magendie
into cisterna magna
CaMKII
calcium calmodulin dependant protein kinase 2
- insert AMPA
- phosphorylates AMPA, increasing effectiveness
activates itself so Ca no longer required
chemorepellent
chemoattractant
slit - robo is receptor. axons that cross the midline then express more robo so they grow away
netrin
naloxone
blocks effects of opiates
- antagonist of opioid receptor
morphine
analgesic
Respiratory Depression/Airway Loss
Nausea and Vomiting
Constipation/Pruritis
Miosis
ketamine
- anaesthetic and analgesic
- NMDA Receptors
Not GABA
Analgesic local/general
Anaesthetic
Sedative
SIDE EFFECTS emergence phenomena
ASPIRIN
NSAID
Act by inhibiting Cyclooxygenase 1and 2
Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti inflammatory
Side Effects : Gastric Irritation Bronchospasm Renal Impairment Platelet function Oxidative phosphorylation Air Hunger Reyes Syndrome
paracetamol
- unknown
- overdose hepatotoxicity
antiemetic
Propofol/ cannabinoids
diazepam
increase GABA receptor efficiency
Over Sedation
Loss of Airway
Respiratory Depression
bit at bottom of Sc
under L1
- cauda equina
ventral routes
dorsal routes
efferent
afferent
ventral has an e in it; dorsal doesn’t x
youre welcome
2 afferent dorsal column roots up the __ pathway
medial lemniscus pathway
first order neurons enter dorsal column through
- fasciculus gracilis
- to terminate in nucleus gracilis in medulla
- info from lower limb - fasciculus cuneatus
- to terminate in nucleus cuneatus in medulla
- info from upper limb
grey matter organisation
dorsal horn = sensory inputs
lateral horn = preganglionic sympathetic
ventral = motor neurons
tracts basic
SENSORY
medial lemniscus
- up dorsal column
- fine touch proprioception
- uncrossed
spinothalamic
- up anterolateral column
- pain, temp crude touch
- crossed
spinocerebellar
- up lateral column
- unconscious muscle proprioception (smooth muscle coordination)
- synapse in dorsal horn
MOTOR
corticospinal tract
- voluntary movement
- 80% cross (lateral corticospinal tract)
- 20% same side (anterior corticospinal tract)
^^ all pass through pyramids
extrapyramidal tract:
reticulospinal tract
- reticular formation (pons) > sc
- regulates ventral horn reflexes/ motor activity
- facilitates and inhibits LMN
- posture and locomotion
rubrospinal tract
- flexor muscles in upper limbs
vestibulospinal tract
- go from inner ear down
- medial guide head and neck muscles to keep eyes stable as body moves
- lateral goes down to flexors in legs to help with posture
tectospinal tract:
- info from retina in visual cortex
- goes down to neck and trunk muscles to keep vision steady
Apraxia
Apraxia: Inability to carryout purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or paresis
damage between interconnections between sensory and motor areas
ideational- cant show sequence of how to make a sandwich
ideomotor- unable to use a pair of scissors
dystonia
where your hand bugs out while you are writing
repeated activation leads to unusual firing patterns
primarily sensory
Dystonia- sustained muscle contractions, usually producing
twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures or positions.
If only occurs with certain actions, said to be ‘task specific’.
the branches in cerebellum
abor vitae
dysmetria
dysnergia
dysdiadochokinesia
intentional tremor
dysarthria
Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
Dysarthria – articulation inco.ordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
yellow spot on far right opthalmascope
fovea
layers of processing retina cells involved
vertical: ganglions bipolars receptors (pigment cells)
horizontal:
amacrine cells
horizontal cells
1 hypercolumn contains
- ocular dominance column
- orientation column
- colour blob
half eye blindness name and types
hemianopia
homonymous
bitemporal
scotoma - patches missing
dorsal and ventral stream
dorsal stream = location, motion, action
occipital > parietal
ventral stream = recognising people, objects, conscious perception
occipital > temporal
visual agnosia
patient can act but not describe
opposite is visual ataxia
eye reflexes
vestibulo-occular reflex
- turns head to follow moving object
optokinetic reflex
- stabilises moving imagine on retina
pupillary reflex
- if one illuminated both should constrict
- as nuclei receive signals from both eyes
- damage to optic nerve- other eye is fine, illuminated one doesn’t constrict (as pns part is broken)
- Damage to one oculomotor nerve will prevent pupil contraction in that eye, but stimulation of either eye will cause contraction in the pupil in the second eye.
check this
middle ear bones
incus in the middle
, malleus, attached to ear drum
stapes - has a hole in it
ostosclerosis- stapes fuses to oval window
- fixed surgically
ear hair cells
outer hair cells - efferent - type II spiral neurons - sensorimotor
out = exit
detect changes in basilar membrane of cochlear - high frequency
central auditory system overview
Cochlear Nucleus (CN) – parallel processing starts here
Superior Olivary Complex (SOC) – uses inter-aural time differences and inter-aural intensity differences for localization
Inferior Colliculus (IC) – combines spatial analysis from SOC with information from dorsal CN, and directs auditory reflexes
Auditory Cortex (AC) – many functions including the analysis of complex sounds (eg speech) and sound localization
hyposmia
hyposmia
age, upper resp infection, head trauma
gustatory central
CN7/9/10
- to nucleus of solitary tract
- synapse in thalamus
- to insula (primary gustatory cortex)
- to prefrontal cortex (2ndry gustatory cortex)
morphine dependance
Gi - inhibit neurons of Locus coerulus
Gs - stimulate neurons of locus coerulus
LC is noradrenaline - it is fear and arousal
acute = lots of Gi withdrawl = lots of Gs
alcohol dependance
NMDA antagonis
GABA agonist
chronic = downregulation GABA
= upregulation NMDA
so withdrawal is arousal
limbic system consists of
8
- hippocampus
- fornix
- insula
- amygdala
- mamillary bodies
- hypothalamus
- orbitofrontal cortex
- cingulate gyrus
2 parts of amygdala
basolateral - new
corticomedial - old
Amitriptyline
tricyclic antidepressant
analgesics
ibuprofen - NSAID
paracetamol
morphine - opiate receptor agonist - mu
anti migraine drug
pizotifen
inhibit serotonin and histamine
antiepileptics
- carbamazepine
> GABA agonist - sodium valproate
> GABA, block Na channels - phenobarbitone (barbiturate)
> GABA agonist, glutamate antagonist - phenytoin
> block NA channels, decrease threshold
