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Research Skills > Key Readings > Flashcards

Key Readings Flashcards

1
Q

What can analysis be defined as?

A

The process of bringing order to data, organising undifferentiated comments and observations into patterns, categories and descriptive units,many looking for relationships between them.

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2
Q

What are the four steps in thematic analysis?

A

Data management

Transcription

Familiarisation

Reduction

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3
Q

How long does interview transcription take?

A

4-6 hours for a one hour interview

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4
Q

What is concept mapping?

A

Diagrams or flow charts to establish a picture of the links and relationships between concepts and gives an overview of the developing thoughts of the researcher. Through such linkages, patterns can be more easily established.

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5
Q

What does analytic iteration mean?

A

Analysis moves back and forth with a frequent return to the data

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6
Q

What is a code?

A

A word used to represent a phenomenon the researcher notices in the text. It must be distinct so it is evidently different from anther code.

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7
Q

What do quotes help show?

A

How the findings were derived from the data and to build the credibility

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8
Q

Gibbs (2007) provides a list of things that the researcher might want to code. What are these?

A

Behaviours, acts and activities

Events

Meanings

Relationships

Conditions and consequences

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9
Q

What is a cluster of similar codes named?

A

A category

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10
Q

What is a theme?

A

A core idea or common thread in the data. They tend to be more abstract than codes.

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11
Q

What is CAQDAS?

A

Computer-aided/assisted qualitative data analysis software

This takes time and training however to learn the process

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12
Q

What did Seidel (1991) believe about computer analysis?

A

It might distance the researcher from the research

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13
Q

What is premature closure?

A

Occurs when data are not analysed sufficiently or when inferences and interpretations are made too quickly.

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14
Q

What are the benefits of images?

A

Can often make points more vivid and lucid and thus are a powerful means to construct and convey key points and emotions

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15
Q

What is the visual as topic?

A

May include visual media images as the subject of analysis

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16
Q

What is the visual as resource?

A

May include the use of visual material to collect data or produce representations of people.

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17
Q

What is Participant created auto photography?

A

Involves participants using the camera themselves to document the images they choose. This can be useful but can offer images that do not produce anything meaningful in terms of answering the research question.

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18
Q

Why is the media often useful in data collection?

A

Many media resources have existed over a long time so are useful for looking historically at social change.
Easily accessible
Cheap

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19
Q

What is ‘first wave’ media research?

A

The researcher’s analysis of what is said or communicated

It is important to go beyond this when possible to also examine how audiences receive and interpret the same media analysed by the researcher.

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20
Q

What is mixed methods research?

A

The practice of collecting, analysing and integrating qualitative and quantitative data in a study with the aim of gaining a more holistic understanding of phenomenon.

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21
Q

Why is MMR difficult?

A

Because qualitative and quantitative researchers have their own distinct view of the world and see their research from different epistemological positions and these perspectives are often seen as incompatible.

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22
Q

What are some of the issues with MMR?

A

Cannot be done in a conventional way as the nature of evidence in either qual or quan methods is different and requires a different form of presentation.
Another issue is that findings are often not integrated.
A lack of knowledge of both types of research can also cause problems.

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23
Q

What is rigour?

A

Often used to denote validity and reliability

It refers to the appropriateness of the methodological choice.

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24
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The honesty with which researchers report and present the concerns and thoughts of participants, and whether the latter find it describes reality as they see it.

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25
Q

What is external validity?

A

When the findings and conclusions of the research hold true for other settings and times (generalisable)

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26
Q

Why is generalisability difficult in qualitative inquiry?

A

Researchers usually focus on specific and unique cases even though they might want to establish patterns.

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27
Q

Why is reliability contested in qualitative research?

A

It is unlikely that another researcher could repeat the study and get exactly the same result.

28
Q

What is transferability?

A

Refers to the extent to which findings and conclusions can be transferred to similar settings and situations.

29
Q

What does dependability show?

A

That the work can be repeated

30
Q

What is Confirmability?

A

The extent to which others can confirm the findings of the research

31
Q

How can researchers ensure trustworthiness?

A 
Development of an audit trail 
Member checks 
Peer review 
Triangulation within and between methods 
Prolonged engagement or immersion in the setting 
Thick description 
Reflexivity 
Searching for alternative explanations
32
Q

What is an audit trail?

A

A detailed description of the researcher’s steps from the beginning to the end of the research process. By following this, readers can determine if the researcher has dependability.

33
Q

What is triangulation?

A

The application of different perspectives to examine a phenomenon

34
Q

How can prolonged engagement in a setting aid data collection?

A

The researcher becomes less visible and disruptive and will get to know the participants

35
Q

What is reflexivity?

A

Refers to the researcher’s awareness of themselves and their relationship with the research. Helps recognise their own biases and so enhances trustworthiness.

36
Q

Why should the researcher write in the first person?

A

Conveys that they were actively involved in the research process and it is more engaging

37
Q

What is the purpose of the title?

A

Acts as a main signpost for the reader on what to expect. It needs to be specific and indicate the core of the research. It should also contain the name of the researcher, the year and the name of the educational institute at which the student was enrolled (diss)

38
Q

What is the purpose of the abstract?

A

A brief summary which provides an overview of the research question and aim and the methods adopted and the main findings. (Approx 250-300 words)

39
Q

What is the purpose of a table of contents?

A

Gives the reader the first view on how the report is structured. This will not be complete until the report is complete.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the intro?

A

Should set the scene and inform the reader about the topic. Researchers should justify the topic and state its relevance.

41
Q

What is the purpose of the lit review?

A

Should identify how previous research fits in with the current research and helps the reader appreciate how the research fills a gap in knowledge.

42
Q

What is the purpose of the methodology?

A

Inc,uses the research design and methods, e.g. data collection, sampling etc. Here the researcher describes the procedures used in the study. Data analysis needs to be explained and how it was carried out. Should also make explicit how ethical principles were followed.

43
Q

What is the purpose of the conclusion?

A

Should indicate:

  • a summary of the main themes
  • implications of the recommendations for practice
  • a measure of reflection and self criticism
44
Q

What is the difference between a reference list and bibliography?

A

Reference list includes all work cited in the text whereas a bibliography refers to wider reading undertaken but not cited.

45
Q

What is a hypothesis test?

A

A procedure for making a formal statement about whether a population parameter could take a particular predetermined value based on a sample of the data from the population

46
Q

What is meant by H0?

A

The null hypothesis - the difference in population means is zero

47
Q

What is meant by H1/Ha?

A

The alternative hypothesis - the differences in the population means is not zero

48
Q

What is the p value?

A

Probability - always measured on a scale of 1 to 0 (higher probability as approaches 1)

49
Q

A p value of less than what is thought to provide enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis?

A

0.05

50
Q

When a comparison is made between one sample and another, what do the degrees of freedom equal?

A

(Number of columns minus 1) X (number of rows minus 1)

Not containing the row and column containing the table

51
Q

What happens to the x2 approximation when the number in a 2 X 2 contingency table are small?

A

The approximation becomes poor

52
Q

In fourfold tables, when is an x2 test not appropriate?

A

If the total of the table is less than 20 or if the total lies between 20 and 40 and the smallest expected value is less than 5

53
Q

In contingency tables with more than one degree of freedom, when is an x2 test inappropriate?

A

If more than one fifth of the cells have expected values less than 5 or any cell an expected value of less than 1

54
Q

What is the McNemar test used for?

A

Paired nominal data

55
Q

What is correlation used for?

A

To denote association between two quantitative variables. We also assume that the association is linear.

56
Q

What does regression involve?

A

Estimating the best straight line to summarise the association

57
Q

What is the degree of association often measured by?

A

A correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r)

It is a measure of linear association

58
Q

What is compete correlation?

A

+1 (positive) or -1 (negative)

59
Q

When should a scatter graph be used?

A

When an investigator has collected two series of observations and wishes to see whether there is a relationship between them

60
Q

Where do the DV and IV go on a scatter graph?

A

DV - vertical axis

IV - horizontal axis

61
Q

What are the assumptions for Pearson’s correlation coefficient?

A

Both variables are plausibly normally distributed
There is a linear relationship between them
The null hypothesis is that there is not association between them

62
Q

What is meant by regression?

A

The average value of y is a function of x, that is, it changes with x

63
Q

Why are regression lines useful?

A

They show how one variable changes on average with another, and they can be used to find out what one variable is likely to be when we know the other

64
Q

What is meant by extrapolating the regression line?

A

To project the line at either end

This is risky because the releasing hip between x and y may change or some kind of cut off point may exist

65
Q

When would you use multiple regression?

A

When more than one IV is possible

Research Skills (9 decks)

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