Key question 4 Flashcards
Why did industrialization result in popular protest and political change?
Industrialization led to economic dislocation, unemployment, and poor working conditions, causing dissatisfaction and popular protests. Workers faced exploitation, while the new machinery threatened jobs, leading to demands for political reforms.
What caused huge tension in society during industrialization?
Tensions were caused by rapid urbanization, poor working conditions, wage cuts, unemployment, and the introduction of labor-saving machinery, which displaced workers.
What caused unemployment during industrialization?
The introduction of machinery, especially in the textile industry, replaced manual labor, leading to widespread unemployment among skilled workers.
What did workers realize during industrialization?
Workers realized that without political power, their economic grievances would not be addressed, leading them to demand political reforms.
What led to action being taken by the people?
Widespread poverty, high unemployment, and harsh working conditions, coupled with the government’s failure to address workers’ concerns, spurred mass protests and calls for change.
What did the introduction of machinery cause?
It caused job displacement, especially among textile workers, as machines replaced manual labor, leading to riots and protests.
Who were the Luddites?
The Luddites were skilled workers who protested against industrial machinery, which they believed was taking their jobs. They destroyed machines in protest.
What was the Luddites’ most serious outbreak?
The most serious outbreak occurred in 1812 in the Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, and Lancashire regions, where machine-breaking became rampant.
What happened in the unrest from 1815-1820?
After the Napoleonic Wars, there were severe economic downturns, unemployment, and rising food prices, leading to widespread protests, riots, and demands for political reforms.
What happened in 1817 after the Luddites were inspired by the activities of John Johnson?
Inspired by Johnson’s leadership, workers engaged in protests and demands for social and political reforms, though many of these movements were harshly suppressed.
What were the Swing Riots?
The Swing Riots (1830-1831) were protests by agricultural workers in southern England against low wages, poor working conditions, and the introduction of threshing machines.
What happened during the Swing Riots?
Workers attacked and destroyed threshing machines and burned hayricks as symbols of their discontent. There were also demands for higher wages.
How many Luddites were captured, and what happened to them?
Several hundred Luddites were captured, with some hanged and many others transported to penal colonies in Australia.
What political reforms were people looking for?
Reforms included the extension of the franchise, better representation in Parliament, and the repeal of laws restricting workers’ rights, such as the Combination Acts.
Who founded the Hampden Club?
Radical politician Major John Cartwright founded the Hampden Club in 1812 to agitate for parliamentary reform.
What were the Spa Fields Riots?
The Spa Fields Riots (1816) were protests in London led by radical reformers calling for political change and better representation for working-class citizens.
What happened during the calls for reforms?
Widespread demonstrations and riots occurred, with demands for more democratic representation, repeal of oppressive laws, and economic relief for the poor.
In which areas were there riots?
Riots took place in various industrial towns and rural areas across England, including Nottingham, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the southern counties during the Swing Riots.
What is the Great Reform Act of 1832?
The Great Reform Act expanded the British electorate by reducing the property qualifications for voting, giving representation to industrial towns, and eliminating many “rotten boroughs.”
What did the Chartists demand?
The Chartists demanded universal male suffrage, secret ballots, payment for Members of Parliament, and equal electoral districts.
What were trade unions in the 18th century?
Trade unions were early labor organizations formed by workers to protect their interests, primarily focused on wages and working conditions.
What were their objectives?
Their objectives included securing higher wages, better working conditions, and reducing working hours through collective bargaining.
What was the state of early trade unions?
Early unions were small, informal, and often secret due to legal restrictions and government crackdowns on worker organization.
What was Pitt’s Combination Act of 1799?
The Combination Act made it illegal for workers to form unions or organize strikes, effectively banning collective bargaining.
What did the Combination Act of 1799 do?
It outlawed trade unions and collective action by workers, making it difficult for them to negotiate for better conditions.
26. What were the unions
What were the unions like in the 1820s?
Unions remained secretive and limited, but worker organization grew despite the legal restrictions.
In which year was the Combination Act repealed?
The Combination Act was repealed in 1824, allowing workers to form unions again legally.
Who brought the idea of socialism into the movement?
Early socialists like Robert Owen introduced socialist ideas into labor movements, advocating for cooperative ownership and workers’ rights.
Who led the organization of the New Grand Central Union of Operative Cotton Spinners?
John Doherty led the organization, aiming to unite cotton spinners in a powerful labor union.
Why did it fail?
The union failed due to internal divisions, opposition from employers, and government repression.
What else did Doherty attempt to do?
Doherty attempted to form larger unions, including a national federation of workers, but faced challenges from economic conditions and government repression.
What was the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union?
Formed in 1834, it was an early attempt to create a national trade union representing various trades.
Who supported it?
It was supported by radical labor leaders like Robert Owen and many trade unions.
What were its innovative features?
It sought to unite workers across trades, promoted cooperative enterprises, and encouraged strikes as a tool for social change.
What happened in Tolpuddle?
In 1834, six agricultural workers from Tolpuddle, Dorset, were arrested for forming a union. They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs and were transported to Australia.
Who came into office in 1812?
Lord Liverpool became Prime Minister in 1812.
What happened under him?
His government faced economic turmoil, protests, and riots, responding with harsh repression, including the suspension of habeas corpus.
What acts or laws did the government pass?
The government passed the Six Acts (1819), which aimed to suppress radical meetings and publications and limit public dissent.
Why were there riots in London?
Riots occurred due to high unemployment, food shortages, and widespread demands for political reforms, often in response to government crackdowns on dissent.
What kind of reforms happened under the Whigs in 1830?
The Whigs passed the Great Reform Act of 1832, expanding the electorate and addressing some of the most glaring abuses of the electoral system.
