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Anatomy > Key Notes > Flashcards

Key Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic nervous system, generally speaking

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

All visceral efferent (motor)

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2
Q

Where does sympathetic nervous system synapse?

A

between T1 and L2

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3
Q

Where does parasympathetic nervous system synapse?

A

Craniosacrally

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4
Q

What are paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia

A

Postsynaptic neurons for sympathetic

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5
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

Only postsynaptic sympathetic ganglia

Motor - sympathetic

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6
Q

Prevertebral ganglia

A

Also works with sympathetic neurons

celiac, aorticorenal, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia

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7
Q

What types of nerves are intercostal nerves?

A

somatic (motor and sensory) that stem from ventral roots of T1-T11

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8
Q

What root do motor fibers use?

A

Ventral root

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9
Q

What root do sensory fibers use?

A

dorsal root

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10
Q

What type of nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

parasympathetic preganglionic nerve

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11
Q

Can the vagus nerve use the paravertebral ganglia?

A

No because paravertebral ganglia is only for sympathetic nerves

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12
Q

branches of subclavian artery

A
  1. thyrocervical
  2. costocervical
  3. transverse vertebral branches
  4. internal thoracic artery
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13
Q

Where do posterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

Upper 2 branches from costocervical trunk

Lower branches directly from thoracic aorta

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14
Q

Where do anterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

upper 6 branches from ITA

2 lower branches from musculophrenic artery

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15
Q

What does the digastric triangle contain?

A

submandibular gland
submandibular lymph
hypoglossal nerve
facial arteries / veins
mylohyoid nerve

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16
Q

What does the carotid triangle contain?

A

HID VACA

hypoglossal, internal jugular vein, accessory nerve, ansa cervicalis, deep cervical lymph, vagus nerve, carotid artery

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17
Q

Difference between phrenic and vagus in the neck

A

Phrenic is more lateral by the anterior scalenus

Vagus is more medial by the carotid sheath

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18
Q

What does the great cardiac vein run with?

A

LAD and left circumflex

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19
Q

Where is the coronary sinus?

A

kind of by the left circumflex

where lots of veins meet

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20
Q

Where do diagonal arteries come off?

A

LAD

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21
Q

Where does obtuse marginal come off?

A

left circumflex

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22
Q

What establishes coronary prominene?

A

Where AV nodal artery and PDA come off

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23
Q

When a question says paralysis / numbness what should you think?

A

Nerve problem!

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24
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerves are a branch of what?

A

vagus nerve

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25
Q

2 fissures in the right lobe

A

Horizontal (separates middle lobe)

Oblique (separates superior and inferior)

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26
Q

What does the seratus attach to?

A

Rib 2 at the rough surface

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27
Q

Where should you insert a chest tube?

A

above rib to avoid the neurovascular bundle

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28
Q

What can be a corresponding nerve problem to having the arch of the aorta damaged?

A

can damage the L recurrent laryngeal nerve

this can lead to hoarseness or throat problems

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29
Q

What innervates the posterior belly of digastric?

A

facial nerve

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30
Q

What innervates the anterior belly of digastric?

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

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31
Q

What is a clue when the questions says “fell backwards” ?

A

you know that they fell on their posterior wall

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32
Q

What thoracic vein is on the right side?

A

azygous vein

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33
Q

What thoracic vein is on the left side?

A

hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous

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34
Q

What does the thoracic duct pass between?

A

aorta and azygous vein

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35
Q

Where does the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm?

A

at the aortic hiatus

T12

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36
Q

where does the vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm?

A

at the esophageal hiatus

T10

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37
Q

where does the phrenic nerve pass through the diaphragm?

A

it doesn’t because it innervates the diaphragm!

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38
Q

What innervates the carotid sinus / body?

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

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39
Q

Does the vagus nerve pass in front of or below subclavian artery?

A

in front of

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40
Q

What is a hernia?

A

organs leave the cavity they are supposed to be in

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41
Q

where does IVC pass through aorta?

A

T8

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42
Q

What sense pain from pericardium?

A

phrenic nerve

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43
Q

What sense pain from heart?

A

cardiac plexus

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44
Q

If a question stem says difficulty swallowing, what should you think of?

A

the esophagus

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45
Q

What structure can constrict the esophagus?

A

Left atrium

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46
Q

Endothoracic fascia

A

deep to intercostal muscles

separates intercostal spaces/ribs from underlying pleura

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47
Q

What does subcostal mean?

A

lower level intercostal arteries

mostly just artery 12

just have posterior intercostal arteries

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48
Q

What artery can often be damaged when working on the thyroid?

A

superior thyroid artery that goes down midline of neck

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49
Q

Trabeculae carnae vs. pectinate muscle

A

Trabeculae carnae is only on the ventricles

Pectinate muscle is only in the atria

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50
Q

Where is the pericardial sac?

A

Ribs 2-6

Vertebrae T5-T8

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51
Q

The acute marginal artery brings blood to what?

A

the right ventricle

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52
Q

Where is the accessory hemiazygous vein located?

A

left side of body

spans intercostal spaces 5-8

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53
Q

Where is the hemiazygous vein located?

A

left side of body

spans intercostal spaces 9-11

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54
Q

When draining a costodiaphramatic recess why would you not have to go through external intercostal muscles?

A

Because when the intercostal muscles wrap around from the back, they stop before the costocartilage

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55
Q

Carotid sinus

A

detects blood pressure

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56
Q

What lies posterior to fingers in transverse pericardial sinus?

A

the SVC

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57
Q

Where does bloodflow reverse in coarctation of aorta?

A

posterior intercostal arteries

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58
Q

what can an aneurysm in the arch of the aorta indicate?

A

can mean damage to the L recurrent laryngeal nerve and paralysis of the L side of the larynx

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59
Q

Which nerve gives sensation to skin at angle of mandible?

A

greater auricular

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60
Q

Which nerve gives sensation to skin at front of neck?

A

transverse cervical

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61
Q

What are the adrenal glands supplied by? Where do they arise?

A

superior suprarenals (branches of the inferior phrenic artery)
middle suprarenal (from abdominal aorta)
inferior suprarenal (from renal artery)

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62
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs? (6)

A

kidneys
adrenal glands
pancreas
abdominal aorta
inferior vena cava
2nd part of duodenum

63
Q

Where do right retroperitoneal organs drain?

A

directly into the IVC

64
Q

Where does the SMA cross?

A

anterior to the 3rd segment of the duodenum and the left renal vein

65
Q

What empties directly into portal vein?

A

cystic vein
gastric vein
superior mesenteric vein
splenic vein

66
Q

What joins the splenic vein?

A

the inferior mesenteric vein

67
Q

Where does the liver get most of its blood from?

A

the portal vein

68
Q

What drains directly into para-aortic nodes?

A

gonads (testes / ovaries)
kidneys
upper uterus

69
Q

What type of fibers do splanchnic nerves carry?

A

preganglionic sympathetic and visceral afferent (sensory) fibers

exception is the pelvic splanchnic

70
Q

What types of fibers does the pelvic splanchnic carry?

A

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from S2-S4

71
Q

What supplies the fundus of the stomach?

A

splenic artery branches

specifically, short gastric arteries

72
Q

What opens for the deep inguinal ring?

A

transversalis fascia

73
Q

What opens for the superficial inguinal ring?

A

external abdominal oblique muscle

74
Q

What is the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

the inguinal ligament

75
Q

What is an exception of parasympathetic innervation?

A

Parasympathetic actually stimulates the detrusor muscle (bladder)

makes sense, when you are relaxed, you pee

76
Q

What do most visceral afferent (pain sensation) fibers travel with?

A

sympathetic nerves

77
Q

Where are the superior and inferior epigastric vessels?

A

in the rectus sheath

78
Q

What causes a direct inguinal hernia?

A

weak conjoint tendon

79
Q

What causes an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

processes vaginalis is still open

80
Q

Where are the testicular artery and pampinoform plexus?

A

in the spermatic cord

81
Q

How do the SMA and celiac trunk anastomose?

A

by way of the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

82
Q

What is not included in the mesentery?

A

second part of the duodenum

83
Q

What do you have to cut through to get to the SMA?

A

mesentery

84
Q

What supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

left gastric artery

85
Q

What type of rami does pain sensation go through?

A

white communicating rami

86
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue sensation

A

facial nerve

87
Q

What is confusing about facial nerve?

A

one of its parasympathetic ganglion is called the mandibular (trigeminal) ganglia

88
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue sensation

A

glossopharyngeal

89
Q

What travels through the optic canal

A

Optic nerve, opthalmic artery and sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus

90
Q

Where does external carotid plexus recieve postganglionic sympathetic fibers from?

A

superior cervical ganglion

91
Q

Why does tongue deviate to same side as hypoglossal nerve lesion?

A

due to paralysis of genioglossus on same side as lesion

92
Q

Is the cremasteric muscle in the inguinal canal?

A

no

93
Q

How do splanchnic nerves pass into the abdominal cavity?

A

piece the cruca of the diaphragm

94
Q

What controls the levator of the palate?

A

vagus nerve

95
Q

What is one test of the vagus nerve?

A

see if the uvula raises

96
Q

What is behind the first segment of the duodenum?

A

gastroduodenal artery, portal vein and common bile duct

97
Q

Where does pain from the stomach go?

A

to celiac ganglion since it follows sympathetic pathways

greater splanchnic (sympathetic nerve) goes to the celiac ganglion

98
Q

What does the gastroduodenal artery split into?

A

right gastroepiploic a

superior pancreaticoduodenal artiers

99
Q

What supplies the greater curvature of stomach?

A

gastroepiploic arteries

100
Q

Where does breast normally first drain into (lymph)?

A

axillary nodes

101
Q

What does posterior wall of stomach touch?

A

pancreas

can damage the splenic artery

102
Q

State the terminal ganglia of the splanchnic nerves

A

Greater= celiac trunk
Lesser - superior mesenteric
Least= aorticorenal
Lumbar = inferior mesenteric plexus and hypogastric
Sacral = hypogastric plexus

103
Q

Hypogastric plexus

A

scattered in the pelvis

postganglionic

104
Q

Where does cavernous sinus get blood from?

A

opthalmic vein

105
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus drain into?

A

superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

106
Q

Where does inferior petrosal sinus drain into?

A

internal jugular vein

107
Q

Where does superior petrosal drain into?

A

sigmoid sinus at the continuation of the transverse sinus

108
Q

Where does the transverse sinus drain to?

A

internal jugular veins

109
Q

What does the lingual artery run with?

A

the hypoglossal nerve

comes off the external carotid

110
Q

Hypoglossal nerve path

A

loops up to the angle of mandible

passes across the submandibular gland

111
Q

What does the facial artery run with?

A

submandibular gland to the angle of mandible

112
Q

what are the nerves of the retroperitineal space in descending order?

A

Subcostal (hard to see)
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
Lateral cutaneous
Femoral nerve (beefy)
Genitofemoral (over the psoas major, splits)

113
Q

What nerves supply parasympathetic control to the abdomen and pelvis?

A

vagus nerve
pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2-S4)

114
Q

Where does obturator artery normally arise from?

A

anterior division of the internal iliac artery

115
Q

Where does an aberrant obturator artery arise from?

A

external iliac artery / inferior epigastric artery

116
Q

When can an aberrant obturator artery be at risk?

A

during an inguinal hernia repair

117
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

megacolon, lack of enteric neurons in distal colon

failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the distal colon

118
Q

Where do uterine vessels pass to the sides of the uterus?

A

mesometrium

119
Q

Obturator and ovary relationship

A

the obturator passes close to the ovary

it is separated from the ovary by peritoneum

120
Q

Is the ovary in the retroperitoneal space?

A

yes

121
Q

suspensory ligament

A

attaches ovary to posterior abdominal wall

ovarian vessels travel to ovary through the suspensory ligament

122
Q

ovarian ligament

A

attaches ovary to the uterus

123
Q

What is true of the male vs. female pelvis?

A

in general, the male pelvis is narrower and deeper

the female pelvis is shallower and wider

124
Q

Nerves relation to the kidneys

A

Subcostal + iliohypogastric = posterior

lateral cutaneous nerve = anterior

125
Q

What is the principal blood supply of the rectum?

A

the superior rectal artery from the IMA

126
Q

Inferior rectal artery

A

weird because it doesn’t supply the rectum

just supplies the lower anal canal

is a branch of inferior pudendal artery

127
Q

Middle rectal artery

A

does supply a portion of the rectum

128
Q

What separates S2/S3?

A

inferior gluteal artery

129
Q

What separates lumbosacral trunk / S1?

A

superior gluteal artery

130
Q

What does the axillary nerve provide sensation to?

A

lower half of deltoid muscle

131
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus named after?

A

their relationship to the middle segment of the axillary artery

132
Q

Which nerve can a dislocated shoulder damage?

A

the axillary nerve

133
Q

Symptoms of Erb-Duchenne’s

A

pronated forearm

extended forearm

medial rotation

134
Q

Where does lateral cord come from?

A

formed from the anterior division of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus

135
Q

Where does the medial cord come from?

A

formed from the anterior division of the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus

136
Q

Fracture of the humerus normally indicates what?

A

Radial injury

wrist drop

*other nerves can be injured as well

137
Q

What are the ovarian and testicular arteries branches of?

A

the abdominal aorta

they are gonadal arteries

138
Q

What nerve is foot drop a symptom of?

A

common fibular nerve

139
Q

Which nerve does lateral rotation of the thigh?

A

superior / inferior gluteal

definitely the inferior if between the two

140
Q

Which nerve does knee extension?

A

femoral

141
Q

Which nerve does knee flexion?

A

sciatic

mostly the tibial sciatic

142
Q

Where do the subscapular nerves originate?

A

the posterior cord

143
Q

Superficial palmar arch of hand

A

direct continuation of ulnar artery

144
Q

Which nerve medially rotates the thigh?

A

superior gluteal nerve

145
Q

Eversion of the foot

A

common fibular - sciatic

146
Q

Dorsiflexion of the foot

A

common fibular - sciatic

147
Q

Plantar flexion of the foot

A

tibial - sciatic

148
Q

Sciatic - tibial sensation

A

posterior lower leg and foot

149
Q

sensation innervated by Sciatic - common fibular

A

anterior lower leg and foot

150
Q

Which nerve adducts the leg?

A

obturator

151
Q

Where does the uterine artery cross the ureter in females?

A

within the cardinal ligament, below the base of the broad ligament, near the lateral fornix of the vagina

crosses the ureter SUPERIORLY

bridge OVER water

152
Q

What is the uterine artery in men?

A

the inferior vesical

153
Q

Weakening of thenar eminence indicates what?

A

a median nerve injury

Anatomy (8 decks)

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