Key Knowldge Flashcards
1
Q
Urban growth
A
The increase in the total population of a town or city
2
Q
Urban expansion
A
The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city
3
Q
Urbanisation
A
The increase in the proportion of people who live in urban settlements
4
Q
Suburbanisation
A
Outward spread of built up area, often at lower densities. People moving from urban centre to the edge of the urban area
5
Q
Urban sprawl
A
Continued outward spread consuming smaller towns/villages
6
Q
Counter urbanisation
A
The movement off people and employment from major settlements to smaller settlements
7
Q
reurbanisation
A
The movement of people and employment back into city centres
8
Q
What is the Brandt line
A
Division of the world on rich north and poor south, (USA, Europe, Asia and Australia)
9
Q
Mega city
A
A mega city is a metropolitan area (urban) with a total population in excess of 10 million people
10
Q
Million city
A
A city of more than a million people
11
Q
World city
A
Cities that are seen to have an important role in the global economic system (London, Tokyo, NYC, Paris)
12
Q
As of 2008 what % of people live in urban areas
A
More than 50%
13
Q
What are the top 3 biggest cities
A
- Tokyo - 37.5m
- Delhi - 29.4m
- Shanghai - 26.3m
14
Q
How has the location of the worlds biggest cities changed since 1945
A
1945 = London & Paris -> now = south-east asia
15
Q
How has the size of the worlds biggest cities changed since 1945
A
1945 = around 5m people -> today biggest mega city is over 30 m
16
Q
The global pattern of the % of people living in urban areas
A
- most of the worlds population still has less than 80% living in urban areas
- anomalies -> large cities found on the west coast of Africa
- many cities with 5m+ people living there are found in south-east asia
17
Q
How are the rates of urbanisation changing in each continent
A
- Europe: slowest 9already urbanised)
- Asia: faster rate but slowing Dow in some regions
- Africa: fastest rates of urbanisation
18
Q
Causes of urban growth
A
- natural population growth
- rural-urban migration (better opportunities, better healthcare, agricultural problems, quality of life, education)
19
Q
Deindustrialisation
A
Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector
20
Q
Impacts of deindustrialisation
A
- economic: increased demand for benefits, loss of tax leading to a decline in services, de-multiplier affect in urban areas
- social: loss of confidence ad morale, increased levels of crime + family breakdown and substance abuse
- environmental: increase in noise, land and water pollution and traffic congestion, decline in maintenance of local housing caused by lower incomes, long-term pollution from dirty industries
21
Q
The burgess model structure
A
- CBD (shops, offices, entertainment, few houses, expensive land)
- Inner city (small terraced houses - high density, land still expensive, some old disused factories)
- inner suburbs (semi-detached housing, open space/parks, shopping centres, medium density housing, near main roads, council estates
- outer suburbs - rural-urban fringe (large detached houses, plenty of open space, some council estates, culdesacs, low density housing, commuters)
22
Q
Decentralisation
A
Movement of people and businesses out of city centre to edge
23
Q
Causes of decentralisation
A
- cheaper to build on greenfield site
- better infrastructure
- links to universities
24
Q
Mixed development and an example
A
- blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional and industrial uses which re interconnected physically and also functually
- example: Cardiff bay
25
Pros of mixed development
- more socially diverse
- attracts people back to the city
- developed night life
- should help prevent/address CBD decline
26
cons of mixed development
- necessary high level of security
- potential social segregation
27
Cultural and heritage quarters and examples
- heritage quarters focus on the history of the area based around small scale industries -> Birmingham jewellery quarter
- cultural production (making objects, goods, products) or consumption (galleries, sows etc) -> Sheffield cultural industries quater
28
Pros of cultural and heritage quarters
- increased busses
- links to cultural past
29
Cons of cultural and heritage quarters
- mixed development want to remove them
30
Gentrified areas and an example
The buying and renovation of holders and stores in deteriorated urban neighbourhoods by upper or middle income families or individuals, thus improving property but often displacing low income families and small businesses in the area -> Notting Hill, Islington
31
Pros of gentrified areas
- increase housing value
- attracts young professionals to area, therefore bringing wealth
- improved social + building fabric
32
Cons of gentrified areas
- displacement of poor
- social tensions (divides)
- culture of area can be lost
- loss of people in state schools
33
Fortress landscapes with an example
- refers to landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion -> US embassy in London
- greater use of CCTV
- railing/fencing around private spaces
34
Pros of fortress landscapes
- feeling of safety
- detergent - reduces chances of incidents occurring
- creates security jobs
35
Cons of fortress landscapes
- intimidation
- can be exclusive
- expensive
36
Edge cities and an example
Characterised by mixed office, residential and leisure spaces and tend to be located in the outer suburbs near to motorway or main road junctions (self contained0 9happens because of urban sprawl) -> LA
37
Pros of edge cities
- greenfield site is cheaper
38
Cons of edge cities
- huge amounts of segregation
39
What are the characteristics of PMWC’s
- Fragmentation
- Globalisation
- Simulation
- Beautification
- Fortification
- Information
- Gentrification
- Decentralise
- Privatisation
40
Fragmentation (PMWC)
Cities are more ethnically diverse, but social and cultural inequalities and segregation are made common the division between ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ is often stark and planned resulting in areas of extreme wealth alongside areas of extreme poverty
41
Globalisation (PMWC)
Shops, services and business are global brands and companies, rather than local. The has lead to the ‘clone town’.the Hugh street begins to die. A service sector economy that focuses on niche markets. Telecommunications dominate
42
Simulation (PMWC)
Buildings often simulate heritage or other famous buildings/places. Cities planned in fragments, and focusing on aesthetic need rather than social needs. Buildings are often iconic and architecturally unusual often resulting in shock
43
Beautification (PMWC)
Architecture is more an expression of art than a function in PMWC it is very varied with decorative ornamentation more common, often linked to the heritage of the city
44
Fortification (PMWC)
-security is a key concern in PMWC’s, so fortress landscapes portend common: CCTV, bollards,street lights
45
Information (PMWC)
PMWC’s are dominated by the service and knowledge economies - many people are employed in these sectors with global companies with commonly located in these cities
46
Gentrification (PMWC)
This is a common process leading to change in the social landscape of cities, it also contributes to the increased polarisation (division into two sharply contrasting groups or sets of opinions or beliefs) between people in cities in term of wealth and access to service
47
Decentralisation (PMWC)
Edge cities are commonly associated with PMWC’s especially as the term was first used in NA to describe cities like LA
48
Privitisation (PMWC)
Cities are becoming more privately owned - thus could be public space, streets, squares or shopping centres
49
Modern vs PMWC - how can they be compared
- urban structure/form
- landscape/architecture
- economy
- planning
- culture&society
50
How does urban structure/form differ in modern cities than in PMWC’s
In modern cities they are planned in totality rather than in smaller sections whereas in PMWC’s cities are planned in fragments + focusing on aesthetic needs rather than social needs
51
How does landscape/architecture differ in modern cities than in PMWC’s
In modern cities a landscape is dominated by very functional architecture whereas in PMWC’s architecture is more of an expression of art than a function
52
How does economy differ in modern cities than in PMWC’s
In modern cities it was focussed on mass production (EOS, service secor gaining in importance) whereas in a PMWC’s it is a service secor based economy focusing on niche markets (telecommunications dominate)
53
How does planning differ in modern cities than in PMWC’s
In modern cities CBD + steady decline in land values away from centre whereas in PMWC’s there is a multi-nodal structure containing high-tech corridors and post suburban developments (edge cities may be evident
54
How does culture&society differ in modern cities than in PMWC’s
In modern cities there are divisions of lass found within the city (a large homogeneity across city) whereas in PMWC’s there is ethnic diversity, resulting in a city that is heavily fragmented culturally with a Hugh degree of social polarisation in some areas (groups distinguished by their consumption patterns)
55
Cultural diversity
Existence of a variety of cultural/ethnic group within a society
56
Diaspora
A group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere I’m the world
57
Economic inequality
The difference between level of living standards and incomes
58
Social segregation
Groups of people living apart from the larger population for a variety of factors
59
Urban social exclusion
Economic and social problems faced by residents in area of multiple deprivation
60
Poverty
An absolute term referring to a poor standard of living which doesn’t change over time
61
Inequality
Refers to the economic differences between people at a variety of scale. This is all relative and not like poverty
62
7 Dimensions of deprivation
1. Income
2. Employment
3. Health and disability
4. Education, skills and training
5. Crime
6. Housing and services
7. Living environment
63
Venturi effect
Wind funnelled into narrow urban canyons crated by tall buildings, speeds up as it becomes more restricted
64
Urban heat island (UHI)
Is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural area due to human activities
65
Albedo
Is measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed
66
Sky-view factor
The amount of sky we can see without our view being impeded by tall buildings
67
Specific heat capacity
A measure of the energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of material by 1 degrees Celsius
68
What causes the urban heat island effect
- anthropogenic heat
- height/arrangement of buildings
- the presence of water
- pollutants
- building materials
69
Anthropogenic heat
human activity - vehicles, heating, industry
70
Height/arrangement of buildings
urban albedo is much higher than rural - absorb more heat, verticals buildings reflect heat + close together = lower sky-view factor, radiated heat gets trapped
71
The presence of water
- Radiated heat can be transferred as sensible heat (heat that can be felt) or latent heat (evaporates water). After evapotranspiration any left over heat is used to warm the air
- the more sensible heat that enters the atmosphere, the warmer it gets. As there is little water in urban areas latent heat is needed less so becomes sensible heat further warming the air
72
Pollutants
- These have both a cooling and heating effect
- dust and smog can reduce sunlight by as much as 6% causing a cooling effect
- CO2 absorbs long-wave radiation which heats the urban dome further
73
Building materials
Compared to rural areas, urban areas heat up more quickly. The specific heat capacity for concrete is one third that of bare soil, and so for a given input of energy, concrete will warm up more quickly. With vertical buildings, surface area is increased in cities and so absorbs more heat. This gets released at night
74
How much more precipitation than rural areas
5-15%
75
Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)
A sustainable way to prevent flooding by reducing surface run off using a variety of techniques
76
Types of SUDS
- Swales
- wetland
- permeable pavement
- infiltration trenches
77
Swales
- A sunken/marshy place incorporated into ornamental amenity and screen planned areas where they would be looked after as part of normal maintenance control
- they provide temporary storage for storm water, reduce peak flows to facilitate a bit of extra area for infiltration. Installed alongside roads to replace kerbs (saving costs)
78
Wetland
- contribute to visual amenity and biodiversity. Can accommodate considerable variations in water levels during storms (enhancing flood storage capacity)
- the algae and plants of wetlands provide a partially good level of filtering and nutrient removal
79
Permeable pavements
Changing surface to make them more pores so more water can infiltrate.
80
Infiltration trenches
Store filled reservoirs to which storm water runoff is directed, then infiltrates into the ground. Longevity enhanced by incorporating a filter grip[, guly or sump pit to remove excess solids at the inflow
81
What is the hierarchy from waste from best to worst
- reduce (diversion)
- reuse (diversion)
- recycle (diversion)
- recovery (diversion)
- landfill (disposal)
- incineration (disposal)
- controlled dump (disposal)
82
Reduce (waste diversion)
Reduce the quantity of waste by reducing packaging and reducing consumption
83
Reuse (waste diversion)
Reuse products/containers. For example a number of outlets now encourage you to bring your old containers to fill up items such as washing liquid and detergent
84
Recycle (waste diversion)
Recycling is carried out when materials from the item can be reprocessed into new products. In recent years global demand for recyclables has grown enormously
85
Recovery (waste diversion)
Recovery is the process of recovering compounds and elements from products, buildings, and waste materials, composting or energy production
86
Landfill (waste disposal)
The placing of waste in man-made pits or excavations
87
Incineration (waste disposal)
Incineration of waste with energy recovery can reduce the volume of waste by up 90%. General waste can be safely burned at high temperatures to produce electricity and heat
88
Controlled dump (waste disposal)
Involves a carefully selected site to dispose a hazardous material
89
Municipal
Belonging to a town or city
90
Municipal waste
Everyday items discarded by the public collected by road sweepers/public bins etc.
91
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
Includes solid domestic waste and commercial wastes, also known as urban waste
92
Types of waste sources
- residential
- industrial
- commercial
- institutional
- construction & demolition
- process (manufacturing)
- municipal services
- agriculture
93
Who produces residential waste and what types of waste is produced
- single and multifamily dwellings
- food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (bulky items, electronics, batteries, oil and other hazardous waste)
94
Who produces industrial waste and what types of waste is produced
- light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power, and chemical plants
- housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes
95
Who produces commercial waste and what types of waste is produced
- stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office building etc.
- paper, cardboard, plastic, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes
96
Who produces institutional waste and what types of waste is produced
Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centres
- same waste as commercial (paper, cardboard, special, hazardous, food etc.)
97
Who produces construction & demolition waste and what types of waste is produced
- new construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings
- wood, steel, concrete, dirt etc.
98
Who produces process (manufacturing) waste and what types of waste is produced
- street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants
- street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings, general wastes from parks, badges, any other recreational areas, sludge
99
Who produces municipal services waste and what types of waste is produced
- heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing
- industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-specification products, slay, tailings
100
Who produces agricultural waste and what types of waste is produced
- crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms
- spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g pesticides)
