KEY INFO: 4th Crusade Flashcards
What was the cause of the Great Schism?
The Filioque Controversy
Why had previous crusades damaged relations with Byzantium?
They had caused riots, market shortages and had even attacked Byzantium
Why was the Treaty of Devol implemented?
Bohemond laid siege to Dyrrhachium in 1108, it made Antioch a vassal state, was resisted until 1158
What was the pinnacle of distrust? What event shows this?
The clash of civilisations, hatred of rich Venician merchants - massacre of the Venetians 1182
When did Innocent III proclaim the 4th crusade?
August 1198
When had Henry VI sent an advance army to the Holy Land?
1197
What had the army of Henry VI achieved?
The capture of Beirut, Sidon and other coastal towns, Henry had died at Messina
What was the business of the cross?
Serving two years in the East, Clergy tax of 1/40th of all income, indulgences to those who would finance someone else, officially approved preachers
When was the great torunament at Ecry?
November 1199
Who took the cross at Ecry? Why?
Louis of Blois and Thibaut of Champagne, didn’ want to fight for John - gave them an honourable excuse
Why did the lords choose to travel by sea?
Quicker, avoid crossing Byzantium - westerners also thought devious - failure to support 1st crusade at Antioch
Why did the lords choose to travel to Egypt?
Enormous wealth, centre of Muslim power, would have to be defeated to take Jerusalem
What date did Venice begin talks with the envoys?
March 1201
Name one of the lord’s envoys
Geoffrey of Villehardouin
What was the problem with the ships from Venice?
The lords could only bind their own followers to Venice, not all crusaders
How many men were Venice told to prepare for?
33,500 men with horses and supplies
What was the price of the ships from Venice?
85,000 silver marks and half of all property captured on crusade
What was the Venice deal like in comparison to Richard and Phillips?
3 times as much at 6 times the price
Why was the deal so expensive?
Venice would have to limit trading for a year to meet the demand
When did the Pope find out about the deal?
After the people of Venice had agreed, alarmed at lack of control
When did Count Thibaut of Champagne die?
May 1201
What affect did Thibaut’s death have on the crusade?
Less men - a key issue!
Who was attracted by the title “Commander in Chief’?
Boniface of Montferrat
How much did the crusaders pay initially? How much after reducing them to extreme poverty?
35,000 silver marks, then a further 14,000
When did Enrico Dandolo propose a way out of the deadlock?
September 1202
What was Dandolo’s proposition?
The crusaders would regain Zara
Why did Dandolo want to crusade?
He would gain Alexandria, save his soul, gain economic reward, his father and grandfather had crusaded in 1122
What was the result of Dandolo crusading?
Thousands of Venetians also took the cross
What was the problem with attacking Zara?
It was a Christian city and the King of Hungary had taken a crusader vow
What did Pope Innocent do before/after Zara?
He told his papal legate to ban the attack, then he excommunicated the whole crusade
What was the name of the papal legate? What was his plan? How was he stopped?
Peter of Capua, to wait until just before the attack, the Doge banned him from sailing with the fleet
When did the Venetian fleet leave?
October 1202
The Zarans initially began to discuss surrender, why did they stop?
Simon of Montferrat promised them to alligience of the French
Why did Simon of Montferrat promise alligience to the Zarans?
He believed the Doge had hijacked the crusade - some believe it was his plan to get the crusaders into debt from the beginning
What did the crusade do in response to excommunication?
French repented and took an oath, the Venetians thought they had done nothing wrong
When did Prince Alexius request help?
December 1202
What did Alexius request help to do?
Restore his father Isaac II to the throne
What price would Alexius pay the crusaders for help?
Unite christendom under the pope, 200,000 silver marks, 10,000 highly trained men and 500 knights to garrison the holy land
Why was the Doge keen to accept Alexius’ proposition?
Long term trading priviliges
When did Pope Innocent send a letter? What did the crusaders do?
June 1203 but the main fleet was just reaching Constantinople
What happened as the ships drew closer to Constantinople?
The inhabitants ignored Alexius
When did the crusade land at Constantinople? How were they able to?
3rd July 1203, a half hearted Byzantine defence
When was Constantinople taken?
17th July 1203
Why could Alexius not honour the promises he had made?
His father and church leaders disapproved of unity plans, had to melt down the treasures of the churches - angered his people
When did Alexius stop paying the money he had promised?
November 1203
When did a Byzantine nobleman take the throne as Alexius V? How?
January 1204
Why did the crusaders decide to take Constantinople?
They had to spend winter outside before continuing and the new Emperor refused to feed them
When did the crusaders begin their attack on Constantinople?
April 1204
What followed the surrender of the city?
Three days of looting and destruction - religious treasures particularly prized
