KEY INFO: 4th Crusade

Question 1

What was the cause of the Great Schism?

Answer 1

The Filioque Controversy

Question 2

Why had previous crusades damaged relations with Byzantium?

Answer 2

They had caused riots, market shortages and had even attacked Byzantium

Question 3

Why was the Treaty of Devol implemented?

Answer 3

Bohemond laid siege to Dyrrhachium in 1108, it made Antioch a vassal state, was resisted until 1158

Question 4

What was the pinnacle of distrust? What event shows this?

Answer 4

The clash of civilisations, hatred of rich Venician merchants - massacre of the Venetians 1182

Question 5

When did Innocent III proclaim the 4th crusade?

Answer 5

August 1198

Question 6

When had Henry VI sent an advance army to the Holy Land?

Answer 6

1197

Question 7

What had the army of Henry VI achieved?

Answer 7

The capture of Beirut, Sidon and other coastal towns, Henry had died at Messina

Question 8

What was the business of the cross?

Answer 8

Serving two years in the East, Clergy tax of 1/40th of all income, indulgences to those who would finance someone else, officially approved preachers

Question 9

When was the great torunament at Ecry?

Answer 9

November 1199

Question 10

Who took the cross at Ecry? Why?

Answer 10

Louis of Blois and Thibaut of Champagne, didn’ want to fight for John - gave them an honourable excuse

Question 11

Why did the lords choose to travel by sea?

Answer 11

Quicker, avoid crossing Byzantium - westerners also thought devious - failure to support 1st crusade at Antioch

Question 12

Why did the lords choose to travel to Egypt?

Answer 12

Enormous wealth, centre of Muslim power, would have to be defeated to take Jerusalem

Question 13

What date did Venice begin talks with the envoys?

Answer 13

March 1201

Question 14

Name one of the lord’s envoys

Answer 14

Geoffrey of Villehardouin

Question 15

What was the problem with the ships from Venice?

Answer 15

The lords could only bind their own followers to Venice, not all crusaders

Question 16

How many men were Venice told to prepare for?

Answer 16

33,500 men with horses and supplies

Question 17

What was the price of the ships from Venice?

Answer 17

85,000 silver marks and half of all property captured on crusade

Question 18

What was the Venice deal like in comparison to Richard and Phillips?

Answer 18

3 times as much at 6 times the price

Question 19

Why was the deal so expensive?

Answer 19

Venice would have to limit trading for a year to meet the demand

Question 20

When did the Pope find out about the deal?

Answer 20

After the people of Venice had agreed, alarmed at lack of control

Question 21

When did Count Thibaut of Champagne die?

Answer 21

May 1201

Question 22

What affect did Thibaut’s death have on the crusade?

Answer 22

Less men - a key issue!

Question 23

Who was attracted by the title “Commander in Chief’?

Answer 23

Boniface of Montferrat

Question 24

How much did the crusaders pay initially? How much after reducing them to extreme poverty?

Answer 24

35,000 silver marks, then a further 14,000

Question 25

When did Enrico Dandolo propose a way out of the deadlock?

Answer 25

September 1202

Question 26

What was Dandolo's proposition?

Answer 26

The crusaders would regain Zara

Question 27

Why did Dandolo want to crusade?

Answer 27

He would gain Alexandria, save his soul, gain economic reward, his father and grandfather had crusaded in 1122

Question 28

What was the result of Dandolo crusading?

Answer 28

Thousands of Venetians also took the cross

Question 29

What was the problem with attacking Zara?

Answer 29

It was a Christian city and the King of Hungary had taken a crusader vow

Question 30

What did Pope Innocent do before/after Zara?

Answer 30

He told his papal legate to ban the attack, then he excommunicated the whole crusade

Question 31

What was the name of the papal legate? What was his plan? How was he stopped?

Answer 31

Peter of Capua, to wait until just before the attack, the Doge banned him from sailing with the fleet

Question 32

When did the Venetian fleet leave?

Answer 32

October 1202

Question 33

The Zarans initially began to discuss surrender, why did they stop?

Answer 33

Simon of Montferrat promised them to alligience of the French

Question 34

Why did Simon of Montferrat promise alligience to the Zarans?

Answer 34

He believed the Doge had hijacked the crusade - some believe it was his plan to get the crusaders into debt from the beginning

Question 35

What did the crusade do in response to excommunication?

Answer 35

French repented and took an oath, the Venetians thought they had done nothing wrong

Question 36

When did Prince Alexius request help?

Answer 36

December 1202

Question 37

What did Alexius request help to do?

Answer 37

Restore his father Isaac II to the throne

Question 38

What price would Alexius pay the crusaders for help?

Answer 38

Unite christendom under the pope, 200,000 silver marks, 10,000 highly trained men and 500 knights to garrison the holy land

Question 39

Why was the Doge keen to accept Alexius' proposition?

Answer 39

Long term trading priviliges

Question 40

When did Pope Innocent send a letter? What did the crusaders do?

Answer 40

June 1203 but the main fleet was just reaching Constantinople

Question 41

What happened as the ships drew closer to Constantinople?

Answer 41

The inhabitants ignored Alexius

Question 42

When did the crusade land at Constantinople? How were they able to?

Answer 42

3rd July 1203, a half hearted Byzantine defence

Question 43

When was Constantinople taken?

Answer 43

17th July 1203

Question 44

Why could Alexius not honour the promises he had made?

Answer 44

His father and church leaders disapproved of unity plans, had to melt down the treasures of the churches - angered his people

Question 45

When did Alexius stop paying the money he had promised?

Answer 45

November 1203

Question 46

When did a Byzantine nobleman take the throne as Alexius V? How?

Answer 46

January 1204

Question 47

Why did the crusaders decide to take Constantinople?

Answer 47

They had to spend winter outside before continuing and the new Emperor refused to feed them

Question 48

When did the crusaders begin their attack on Constantinople?

Answer 48

April 1204

Question 49

What followed the surrender of the city?

Answer 49

Three days of looting and destruction - religious treasures particularly prized