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Crusades > KEY INFO: 3rd Crusade > Flashcards

KEY INFO: 3rd Crusade Flashcards

1
Q

Why did Saladin begin to prepare an offensive against the Franks?

A

Reynold of Chatillon had attacked a muslim caravan travelling from Cairo to Damascus

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2
Q

When did the truce expire?

A

April 1187

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3
Q

When was the Battle of Cresson?

A

1st May 1187

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4
Q

What happened at the Battle of Cresson?

A

Saladin overwhelmed 100 Templars and Hospitallers and withdrew carrying their heads on spears

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5
Q

What was the size of the forces at the Battle of Hattin?

A

16,000 Christians (1200 knights) against 30,000 Turks (12,000 cavalry)

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6
Q

When and how did the invasion start the Battle of Hattin?

A

27th June 1187, Saladin led his men across the River Jordan

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7
Q

When did Saladin lay his trap at the Battle of Hattin?

A

2nd July 1187

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8
Q

What was Saladin’s trap? How did the Franks respond?

A

He besieged Tiberias where Raymond’s wife was trapped, Raymond urged Guy not to attack but he did.

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9
Q

Where did Saladin ensure his troops were well watered at the Battle of Hattin?

A

Kaft Sabt

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10
Q

What does the Latin Iternerarium show?

A

Reynald’s head was cut off by Saladin personally, Guy and the True Cross were captured

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11
Q

What did Saladin do following the Battle of Hattin?

A

Paraded the True Cross through the streets of Damascus, attacked the principle Latin towns and ports

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12
Q

When did Conrad arrive at Tyre?

A

August 1187

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13
Q

Why was Conrad’s arrival at Tyre important?

A

It maintained a foothold in the East as a stepping stone for crusade

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14
Q

When was Audita Tremendi proclaimed?

A

October 1187

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15
Q

Who is said to have died of grief at the loss of Jerusalem?

A

Pope Urban III

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16
Q

What did Audita Tremendi blame the loss of Jerusalem on?

A

Gregory VIII blamed the Christains in the Levant and in Europe

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17
Q

What did the Archbishop of Tyre do?

A

He called on the rulers of Western Christendom to come to the aid of the Outremer

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18
Q

What was Richard I’s background?

A

Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, disputes between Angevin Monarchy and French

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19
Q

When did Richard I take the cross?

A

November 1189

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20
Q

Why did Richard I take the cross?

A

Religious piety, great-grandson of Fulk, an opportunity to prove himself

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21
Q

What did Richard do to prepare for crusade?

A

Inherited huge resources in July 1189, sold land titles and property (would have sold London)

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22
Q

What role did Henry II play?

A

Introduction of a Saladin Tithe, 10% tax on revenues

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23
Q

What was beneficial about Richard’s decision to travel by sea?

A

It would be quicker, eliminate the poor, a disciplined fighting force

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24
Q

When did Phillip II take the cross?

A

With Henry II in January 1188 in Gisors in Paris

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25
Q

What made Phillip II and Henry II set aside their differences?

A

A cross of Christ appeared in the sky at Joscius of Tyre’s sermon

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26
Q

What were the differences between Richard and Phillip?

A

Richard had more power and money, he was a man of action, Phillip was careful and planning

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27
Q

Why was the crusade delayed by nearly a year?

A

The mistrust between the two - one would not leave without the other.

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28
Q

What was Frederick I’s background?

A

36 years ruling the largest, wealthiest lands in Christendom - outstripped Richard and Phillip

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29
Q

When and where did Frederick I take the cross?

A

March 1188 at Mainz

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30
Q

How large was Frederick’s force?

A

100,000 men with 20,000 knights

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31
Q

When did Frederick drown?

A

10th June 1190

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32
Q

What was the result of Frederick drowning?

A

Only 5,000 soldiers made it to Acre

33
Q

Why did Phillip II take the cross?

A

A rivalry between him and Henry, some economic benefit, religious commitment/papal loyalty

34
Q

Why did Guy lay siege to Acre?

A

Conrad refused to hand over Tyre to Guy

35
Q

When did Guy lay siege to Acre?

A

August 1189

36
Q

When did Conrad recognise Guy as king?

A

During the siege at Acre, his audacity to fight against Saladin’s relief force and maintain the siege.

37
Q

What happened when Queen Sibllya died?

A

Conrad kidnapped and married Isabella, her younger sister

38
Q

When did Conrad marry Isabella?

A

24th November 1190

39
Q

When did Richard arrive at Acre?

A

8th June 1191

40
Q

Phillip had not helped much at Acre, how did Richard help?

A

His personal valour, siege machines ended the siege in a month

41
Q

When did Acre surrender?

A

12th July 1191

42
Q

What were the terms of Acre’s surrender?

A

200,000 gold dinars, the return of 1500 Frankish prisoners and the True Cross

43
Q

What did Richard I do when Saladin did not meet the demands?

A

He march 2700 prisoners out of the city and had them massacred

44
Q

Which King supported which contestant for King of Jerusalem?

A

Richard supported Guy whilst Phillip supported Conrad

45
Q

When was the succession crisis solved?

A

28th July 1191

46
Q

What was the succession crisis compromise?

A

Guy would remain king in his lifetime, Conrad would succeed with royal revenues equally divided

47
Q

When did Phillip return home due to ill-health?

A

3rd August 1191

48
Q

When did the March to Jaffa begin?

A

22nd August 1191

49
Q

How long was the March to Jaffa?

A

80 miles

50
Q

How many men marched to Jaffa?

A

15,000

51
Q

What was the formation of the March to Jaffa?

A

Templars at vanguard, Hospitallers at rear, infantry and archers along the enemy flank

52
Q

What did Ambriose write about the March to Jaffa?

A

Richard was particularly insistant that no crusade break ranks as they would make them more vunerable

53
Q

Where was the Battle of Arsuf?

A

25 miles from Jaffa

54
Q

When was the Battle of Arsuf?

A

7th September 1191

55
Q

Why could Saladin not allow the capture of Jaffa?

A

He had already lost face with the loss of Acre, Jaffa could not be lost in such quick succession

56
Q

How big was Saladin’s force at Arsuf?

A

30,000

57
Q

What happened when two knights broke ranks at Arsuf?

A

Richard quickly ordered a cavalry charge, fighting off two fierce counter attacks the centraldivsion buckled and then the rest of the army

58
Q

What does Asbridge argue about the Battle of Arsuf?

A

Too readily followed Ambroise’s account as the King who was looking for conflict, King was simply responding - if role of King exagerrated = turning point

59
Q

What did Saladin choose to do a few days after the arrival at Jaffa?

A

Sacrifice Ascalon

60
Q

What did Richard want to do after Jaffa?

A

Attack Egypt but the bulk of the army did not share his long term perspective

61
Q

When did the crusaders eventually set out from Jaffa?

A

29th October 1191

62
Q

What was happening alongside skirmishes?

A

Diplomacy - the offer of Richard’s sister to marry the Sultan’s brother

63
Q

Where did the crusaders decide to abandon the attack on Jerusalem 1st time?

A

Beit Nuba, 12 miles from Jerusalem

64
Q

When did the crusaders abandon Jerusalem the first time?

A

13th January 1192

65
Q

What happened to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Spring 1192?

A

Conrad was elected by nobles as King, Guy sold Cyprus as compensation, Conrad stabbed to death by two Hashshashin on the streets of Tyre (28th April)

66
Q

When did Richard slip into depression?

A

29th May 1192

67
Q

Why did Richard slip into depression?

A

Fears of his Angevin lands - Phillip plotting with Prince John

68
Q

Why was Saladin unhappy by 1192?

A

His commitment to jihad had increased but his capacity to fight had weakened

69
Q

When did the crusaders reach Beit Nuba the 2nd time?

A

10th June 1192 (took two weeks not two months)

70
Q

How was morale boosted before the 2nd attempt?

A

A discovery of another piece of the True Cross

71
Q

What did Saladin do inside Jerusalem before the 2nd attempt?

A

Ordered all the wells to be poisoned and preapred to leave the city

72
Q

Why did the crusaders retreat from Jerusalem a 2nd time?

A

Richard argued the vunerability of the supply line to Jaffa, lack of water, formidable defences, lack of manpower to hold it if taken

73
Q

When did the 3rd Crusade collapse?

A

4th July 1192

74
Q

What did Saladin do in response to the retreat?

A

Took advantage and launched a lightening attack on Jaffa.

75
Q

How did Richard achieve victory in Jaffa in 1192?

A

His surprise attack gave the crusaders an improbable and dramatic victory

76
Q

Why was negotiation the only option by 1192?

A

Two strong forces, beginning to tire

77
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Jaffa?

A

A 3 year truce: Saladin would retain control of Jerusalem, but pilgrims could access the holy Sepulchre, Chiristians would keep Acre-Jaffa and the strip between

78
Q

When was the Treaty of Jaffa signed?

A

2nd September 1192

79
Q

When did Saladin die?

A

Six months after Richard left the Holy Land

Crusades (9 decks)

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