KEY INFO: 3rd Crusade Flashcards
Why did Saladin begin to prepare an offensive against the Franks?
Reynold of Chatillon had attacked a muslim caravan travelling from Cairo to Damascus
When did the truce expire?
April 1187
When was the Battle of Cresson?
1st May 1187
What happened at the Battle of Cresson?
Saladin overwhelmed 100 Templars and Hospitallers and withdrew carrying their heads on spears
What was the size of the forces at the Battle of Hattin?
16,000 Christians (1200 knights) against 30,000 Turks (12,000 cavalry)
When and how did the invasion start the Battle of Hattin?
27th June 1187, Saladin led his men across the River Jordan
When did Saladin lay his trap at the Battle of Hattin?
2nd July 1187
What was Saladin’s trap? How did the Franks respond?
He besieged Tiberias where Raymond’s wife was trapped, Raymond urged Guy not to attack but he did.
Where did Saladin ensure his troops were well watered at the Battle of Hattin?
Kaft Sabt
What does the Latin Iternerarium show?
Reynald’s head was cut off by Saladin personally, Guy and the True Cross were captured
What did Saladin do following the Battle of Hattin?
Paraded the True Cross through the streets of Damascus, attacked the principle Latin towns and ports
When did Conrad arrive at Tyre?
August 1187
Why was Conrad’s arrival at Tyre important?
It maintained a foothold in the East as a stepping stone for crusade
When was Audita Tremendi proclaimed?
October 1187
Who is said to have died of grief at the loss of Jerusalem?
Pope Urban III
What did Audita Tremendi blame the loss of Jerusalem on?
Gregory VIII blamed the Christains in the Levant and in Europe
What did the Archbishop of Tyre do?
He called on the rulers of Western Christendom to come to the aid of the Outremer
What was Richard I’s background?
Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, disputes between Angevin Monarchy and French
When did Richard I take the cross?
November 1189
Why did Richard I take the cross?
Religious piety, great-grandson of Fulk, an opportunity to prove himself
What did Richard do to prepare for crusade?
Inherited huge resources in July 1189, sold land titles and property (would have sold London)
What role did Henry II play?
Introduction of a Saladin Tithe, 10% tax on revenues
What was beneficial about Richard’s decision to travel by sea?
It would be quicker, eliminate the poor, a disciplined fighting force
When did Phillip II take the cross?
With Henry II in January 1188 in Gisors in Paris
What made Phillip II and Henry II set aside their differences?
A cross of Christ appeared in the sky at Joscius of Tyre’s sermon
What were the differences between Richard and Phillip?
Richard had more power and money, he was a man of action, Phillip was careful and planning
Why was the crusade delayed by nearly a year?
The mistrust between the two - one would not leave without the other.
What was Frederick I’s background?
36 years ruling the largest, wealthiest lands in Christendom - outstripped Richard and Phillip
When and where did Frederick I take the cross?
March 1188 at Mainz
How large was Frederick’s force?
100,000 men with 20,000 knights
When did Frederick drown?
10th June 1190
What was the result of Frederick drowning?
Only 5,000 soldiers made it to Acre
Why did Phillip II take the cross?
A rivalry between him and Henry, some economic benefit, religious commitment/papal loyalty
Why did Guy lay siege to Acre?
Conrad refused to hand over Tyre to Guy
When did Guy lay siege to Acre?
August 1189
When did Conrad recognise Guy as king?
During the siege at Acre, his audacity to fight against Saladin’s relief force and maintain the siege.
What happened when Queen Sibllya died?
Conrad kidnapped and married Isabella, her younger sister
When did Conrad marry Isabella?
24th November 1190
When did Richard arrive at Acre?
8th June 1191
Phillip had not helped much at Acre, how did Richard help?
His personal valour, siege machines ended the siege in a month
When did Acre surrender?
12th July 1191
What were the terms of Acre’s surrender?
200,000 gold dinars, the return of 1500 Frankish prisoners and the True Cross
What did Richard I do when Saladin did not meet the demands?
He march 2700 prisoners out of the city and had them massacred
Which King supported which contestant for King of Jerusalem?
Richard supported Guy whilst Phillip supported Conrad
When was the succession crisis solved?
28th July 1191
What was the succession crisis compromise?
Guy would remain king in his lifetime, Conrad would succeed with royal revenues equally divided
When did Phillip return home due to ill-health?
3rd August 1191
When did the March to Jaffa begin?
22nd August 1191
How long was the March to Jaffa?
80 miles
How many men marched to Jaffa?
15,000
What was the formation of the March to Jaffa?
Templars at vanguard, Hospitallers at rear, infantry and archers along the enemy flank
What did Ambriose write about the March to Jaffa?
Richard was particularly insistant that no crusade break ranks as they would make them more vunerable
Where was the Battle of Arsuf?
25 miles from Jaffa
When was the Battle of Arsuf?
7th September 1191
Why could Saladin not allow the capture of Jaffa?
He had already lost face with the loss of Acre, Jaffa could not be lost in such quick succession
How big was Saladin’s force at Arsuf?
30,000
What happened when two knights broke ranks at Arsuf?
Richard quickly ordered a cavalry charge, fighting off two fierce counter attacks the centraldivsion buckled and then the rest of the army
What does Asbridge argue about the Battle of Arsuf?
Too readily followed Ambroise’s account as the King who was looking for conflict, King was simply responding - if role of King exagerrated = turning point
What did Saladin choose to do a few days after the arrival at Jaffa?
Sacrifice Ascalon
What did Richard want to do after Jaffa?
Attack Egypt but the bulk of the army did not share his long term perspective
When did the crusaders eventually set out from Jaffa?
29th October 1191
What was happening alongside skirmishes?
Diplomacy - the offer of Richard’s sister to marry the Sultan’s brother
Where did the crusaders decide to abandon the attack on Jerusalem 1st time?
Beit Nuba, 12 miles from Jerusalem
When did the crusaders abandon Jerusalem the first time?
13th January 1192
What happened to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Spring 1192?
Conrad was elected by nobles as King, Guy sold Cyprus as compensation, Conrad stabbed to death by two Hashshashin on the streets of Tyre (28th April)
When did Richard slip into depression?
29th May 1192
Why did Richard slip into depression?
Fears of his Angevin lands - Phillip plotting with Prince John
Why was Saladin unhappy by 1192?
His commitment to jihad had increased but his capacity to fight had weakened
When did the crusaders reach Beit Nuba the 2nd time?
10th June 1192 (took two weeks not two months)
How was morale boosted before the 2nd attempt?
A discovery of another piece of the True Cross
What did Saladin do inside Jerusalem before the 2nd attempt?
Ordered all the wells to be poisoned and preapred to leave the city
Why did the crusaders retreat from Jerusalem a 2nd time?
Richard argued the vunerability of the supply line to Jaffa, lack of water, formidable defences, lack of manpower to hold it if taken
When did the 3rd Crusade collapse?
4th July 1192
What did Saladin do in response to the retreat?
Took advantage and launched a lightening attack on Jaffa.
How did Richard achieve victory in Jaffa in 1192?
His surprise attack gave the crusaders an improbable and dramatic victory
Why was negotiation the only option by 1192?
Two strong forces, beginning to tire
What were the terms of the Treaty of Jaffa?
A 3 year truce: Saladin would retain control of Jerusalem, but pilgrims could access the holy Sepulchre, Chiristians would keep Acre-Jaffa and the strip between
When was the Treaty of Jaffa signed?
2nd September 1192
When did Saladin die?
Six months after Richard left the Holy Land
