Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
A
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ~65, CML: adult 45-85
5
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
A
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
Aortic dissection
A
Hypertension
10
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
11
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
12
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (ex. adenocarcinoma, MALToma)
A
H pylori
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S pneumoniae
14
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus/ E coli (newborns), S pneumoniae/N meningitidis (kids/teens)
15
Q
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric cracinoma
A
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
16
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor
17
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
18
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
19
Q
Breast cancer
A
Invasive ductal carcinoma
20
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
21
Q
Breast tumor (benign, young women)
A
Fibroadenoma
22
Q
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
23
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
24
Q
Cardia tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)
25
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari II malformation
26
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
27
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
28
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
29
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
31
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
32
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
33
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > circumflex
34
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
35
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy), Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol), ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease), Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
36
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
37
Death in CML
Blast crisis
38
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
39
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
40
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
41
DIC
Sever sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
42
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
43
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
44
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
45
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S aureus, B cereus
46
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
47
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
48
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > Aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
49
Helminth infection (US)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
50
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
51
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
52
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of HCC)
53
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
54
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
55
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
56
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly known as Reiter's syndrome)
57
HLA-DR3
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease
58
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
59
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
60
Hypertension, secondary
Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (ex. polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism
61
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
62
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
63
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
64
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S aureus, E coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive organisms)
65
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
66
Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as Kelbsiells, Proteus spp., and S saprophyticus)
Uric acid = radiolucent
Cystine = radiloucent
67
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
68
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
69
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
70
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
71
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
72
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
73
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
74
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > GU > melanoma > GI
75
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
76
Micrycytic anemia
Iron deficiency
77
Mitochondrial inheritance
disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
78
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
79
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
80
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
81
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
82
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
83
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
84
Nosocomial pneumoni
S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram - rods
85
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
86
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
87
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
88
Osteomyelitis
S aureus (most common overall)
89
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
90
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus
91
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
92
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
93
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
94
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
95
Pelvis inflammatory disease
C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae
96
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
97
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
98
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)
99
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
100
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
101
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
102
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
103
Pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (ex. HF), lung disease (ex. COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (ex. OSA), thromboembolic (ex. PE)
104
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
105
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas), associated with MEN1
106
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
107
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
108
S3 heart sounds
Increased ventricular filling pressure (ex. mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
109
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
110
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia of chronic kidney disease
111
Sexually transmitted disease
C trachomatis (usually co-infected w/ N gonorrhoeae)
112
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
113
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
114
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
115
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BLC-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
116
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
117
t(9,22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosin kinase oncogene)
118
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
119
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), increased placental ALP
120
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
121
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
122
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
123
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
124
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
125
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
126
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
127
UTI
E coli, S saprophyticus (young women)
128
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (Type I: postmenopausal woman; Type II: elderly man or woman)
129
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
130
Vitamin deficiency (US)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-to-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
