Kennel Cough Flashcards
Common clinical signs of infectious respiratory diseases
Upper respiratory signs
Sensitive eyes - often red/swollen/sensitive to light
Nasal discharge
Congested sinuses
Coughing
Which clinical signs are indicative of upper airway pathology?
Ocular discharge
Nasal discharge
Cough (receptors are in upper)
Stertor (snoring)
Stridor (high wheezing)
Inspiratory difficulty
Which clinical signs are indicative of lower airway pathology?
Dyspnoea/tachypneoa
Expiratory difficulty
Crackles
Which parts of respiratory tract are associated with inspiratory vs expiratory dyspnoea?
Inspiratory - Upper respiratory tract lesion
○ Nares
○ Nasal cavity
○ Larynx/pharynx
○ Trachea
Expiratory - Lower respiratory tract
○ Thoracic trachea
○ Pulmonary parenchyma
○ Bronchi
○ Pulmonary space
Stertor
Low snoring sound on inspiration
Common in BOAS patients
Upper respiratory pathology
Involves soft palate/laryngeal saccules
Stridor
High pitched wheezing sound often on inspiration but can be expiration
Upper airway pathology
Caused by laryngeal paralysis or tracheal collapse
Rhoncus
A low sound heard on auscultation of the chest when the air channels are partly obstructed
Gurgles/bubbles
Often during expiration
Due to narrowing of bronchi/trachea
Crackles
Lower tract pathology
Moist (low pitch popping)
CHF,
Most prominent on inspiration
Usually some resp distress
Dry (higher pitched)
Acute or chronic
Where are cough receptors located?
Upper airway tract
Trachea
Main carina
Branching points of large airways
Distal smaller airways
Pharynx
CIRD
Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease
AKA Kennel Cough
Most commonly infectious tracheitis
Clinical signs of CIRD
Hacking cough - can be productive
Submandibular lymphadenopathy
Ocular/nasal discharge
Lethargy
Pyrexia
What is the difference between pyrexia and hyperthermia?
Pyrexia - febrile response
○ Internal response
○ Inflammatory cytokines reset
○ Tries to compensate and results in hypothalamus increasing temp
Hyperthermic - external heat
○ Failure of thermoregulation
○ Body absorbs more heat than it can dissipate
How do we treat pyrexia and hyperthermia
Unpleasant to cool pyrexic animal
○ Use antipyretics
○ Fluid therapy
○ Specific therapy to target cause
Hyperthermia
○ Cool with lukewarm water
○ Fans and vents
What causes CIRD?
Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV)
Canine Repiratory Coronavirus (CRoV)
Canine Adenovirus (CAV-2)
Secondary infection by Bordetella bronchiseptica
What are body’s natural defences in respiratory system?
- Goblet cells producing mucus
- Cilia
○ Mucocilliary escalator - Cough/sneezing reflex
- Alveolar macrophages
- Antibodies
What is Canine Parainfluenza Virus - CiPV?
Enveloped RNA virus
(Less stable - easy to kill by disinfection)
More likely to mutate
Only affects URT
Subcutaneous and intranasal vaccines available (live vaccines)
Canine Respiratory Coronavirus - CRCoV
Enveloped RNA virus
(Less stable - easy to kill by disinfection)
More likely to mutate
What is Canine Adenovirus-2 - CAV-2?
Non-enveloped DNA virus
(more stable, need better disinfectants)
Part of core vaccine schedule
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Gram -ve aeorbic coccobacillus
Can be primary or secondary
ZOONOTIC
Mild to severe clinical signs
Shedding up to 12 weeks!!
What is Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)?
Enveloped RNA virus
(Less stable - easy to kill by disinfection)
More likely to mutate
Shed in all bodily fluids
Clinical signs of CDV
Bronchopneumonia
Purulent ocular and nasal discharge
Haemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhoea
Neurological signs
Hyperkeratosis (“hard pad”)
Other novel respiratory pathogens
Canine influenza
Strep equi (high morbidity/mortality)
Routes of transmission for CIRD
Aerosol (most common)
Direct transmission also possible
RNA viruses are not environmentally hardy
When should you diagnose CIRD?
If diagnosis will change management (e.g. antibiotics?)
If pattern of disease changes
If disease reoccurs
