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Respiratory Diseases > Exotic Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Exotic Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Where do you auscultate the lungs on a bird?

A

Dorsal aspect of bird

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2
Q

Clinical signs of respiratory disease in small mammals

A

Middle ear/vestibular signs
Lethargy
Poor coat
Anorexia
Dyspnoea
Audible clicking
Sneezing
Ocular changes
Nasal discharge
Mandibular asymmetry
Open mouth breathing = VERY BAD

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3
Q

what is the significance of nasal discharge in rabbits?

A

They are obligate nasal breathers so if the nose is blocked they can die

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4
Q

Clinical signs of respiratory disease in reptiles

A

Commonly lethargy and anorexia
Weight loss
Usually present as normal
Dyspnoea
Open mouth breathing
Wheezes/crackles
Ocular and/or nasal discharge
Stomatitis

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5
Q

Clinical signs of respiratory disease in birds

A

Lethargy
Anorexia
‘fluffed up’
Crusty nares
periorbital swelling
Dyspnoea/tail bobbing
Voice change
Tachypnoea
Open mouth breathing

Very good at hiding clinical signs so when obvious it is usually severe

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6
Q

Most common causes of respiratory signs in small mammals

A

URT bacterial infections
LRT bacterial infections
Dental disease
* Not ferrets
* Roots located close under nasal cavity
Husbandry issues
* Allergy
* Dust
* Poor ventilation

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7
Q

Common infections in guinea pigs

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica
Chlamydophila caviae
Adenovirus

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8
Q

Common infections in rabbits

A

Pasteurella multocida
Bordetella bronchiseptica

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9
Q

Common infections in rats/mice

A

Mycoplasma
pasteurella
Strep pneumoniae
Sendai virus

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10
Q

Other causes of respiratory signs in small mammals

A

Viruses
Fungal infections (Aspergillosis)
Parasites (lungowmr)
Circulatory causes
* Heart disease
* Arteriosclerosis
Trauma
Abscesses/tumours
Foreign bodies

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11
Q

Most common causes of respiratory signs in reptiles

A

URT bacterial infection
Viruses
* Herpesvirus/mycoplasma in chelonians
* Adenovirus in lizards
* Ophidian paramyxovirus in snakes
Husbandry issues
* High/low temp
* High humidity
* Poor ventilation
Space occupying lesions
* Abcesses
* Tumours
* Coelomic effusions

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12
Q

Other causes of respiratory signs in reptiles

A

LRT bacterial infections
Fungal
* Aspergillosis & Candida
* Parasitic
* Lungworm
* Rhabdias
* Ascarids
Dental disease
Trauma

Circulatory is uncommon

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13
Q

Most common differential in Birds

A

LRT bacterial infections (due to no cough response)
* Airsacculitis
Husbandry issues
* Allergy
* Stress
* Low humidity
* Poor hygiene/ventillation
* Hypervitaminosis A (if just fed seeds
Fungal infections (often 2ndry)
* Aspergillosis
Space occupying lesions

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14
Q

Other causes of respiratory signs in birds

A

Viruses
* Infectious laryngotracheitis in chickens
Parasites
Circulatory causes
* Pulmonary oedema

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15
Q

What is the PLACE rule?

A

Antibiotics NOT SAFE for small mammals
Pencillins (except g)
Lincosamides
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Erythromycin

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16
Q

Medications For Treating Small Mammals (Always Safe)

A

Metronidazole
Fluroquinolones
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Macrolides (not erythromycin)

17
Q

Sampling techniques

A

Rabbits
* Deep nasal swab
* Nasolacrimal duct
Birds
* Nasal flush
Reptiles
* Lesion/oral swab
* Choana

18
Q

Overall Treatment Plan

A
  1. stabilise patient
  2. Supportive treatment
  3. Specific treatment
19
Q
  1. stabilise patient
A

Oxygen
Fluids and supportive nutrition

20
Q
  1. supportive treatment
A

Nebulisation
Bronchodilator
Mucolytic
Anti-inflammatory

21
Q
  1. Specific treatment options
A

○ Antibiotics
○ Frusemide (loop diuretic)
○ Acyclovir (antiviral)
○ Antifungals
○ Antiparasitics
○ Husbandry changes
○ Surgery

22
Q

Specific small animal treatment

A

Open mouth breathing is an emergency
Supportive feeding important
Regular nebulisation with bronchodilator
Mucolytic in food
NSAIDs
Avoid steroids if possible
CAREFUL with antibiotics

23
Q

Specific reptile treatment

A

If malnourished you can use injectable vitamins
F10 nebulisation can be useful
* Especially with fungal infections
Heat AND good nebulisation

24
Q

Specific bird treatment

A

OXYGEN - high demand
Fluids and corp feeding
Nebulisation
LRT disease requires longer treatment (often multimodal)
LRT signs may not be respiratory (Coelomic cavity)

Respiratory Diseases (15 decks)

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