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L2 > Kellen > Flashcards

Kellen Flashcards

1
Q

Leydig Cell Tumor

A

2 peaks: kids and adults (80%)
benign - testicular swelling
may produce androgens, estrogens, corticosteroids
gynecomastia or precocious puberty = presenting features
REINKE crystals - lipofuscin, intracytoplasmic

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2
Q

Sertoli Cell Tumor

A

clinically silent

trabeculae forming cordlike structures in fibrous stroma

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3
Q

Spermatocele

A

cystic semen in efferent and rete testis ducts

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4
Q

DHT rxn?

A

T –> DHT via 5 alpha reductase
DHT binds to nulcear androgen receptor – increased GFs and FBGF 1,2, 7 and TGF beta.
increased stromal proliferation and decreased death of epithelial cells

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5
Q

How to treat BPH?

A

alpha blockers - relaxes bladder neck, decreases prostate SM tone
5 alpha reductase inhibitors - inhibits DHT synthesis

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6
Q

5 alpha reductase

A

located in STROMAL cells - stromal cells responsible for androgen dependent prostatic growth of epithelial cells

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7
Q

normal PSA

A

0-4

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8
Q

chronic abacterial prostatitis

A

painful ejaculations

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9
Q

Free PSA

A

Cancer makes BOUND PSA. decreased free PSA = cancer

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10
Q

Adenomatoid Tumor

A

mesothelial origin benign

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11
Q

IHC of prostate cancer

A

no CK, p63

presence of AMACR

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12
Q

AR gene

A

CAG repeats - shorter = highest sensitivity to androgens, blacks

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13
Q

Prostate Cancer Mets

A

obturator, para-aortic

Hematogenous: axial skeleton (osteoBLASTIC)

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14
Q

What does the PSA bind to with cancer?

A

alpha1- chymotrypsin

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15
Q

What cytokine is responsible for T cell differentiation in Tb?

A

IL-12

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16
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

High CD4 - making IFN-gamma and IL-2 locally
No NK cells
lots and lots of Il-8, TNF
Schaumann bodies & asteroid inclusions
lymph node enlargement, eye involvement, erythema nodosum

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17
Q

Acrocentric chromosomes

A

13-15, 21-22

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18
Q

Tay Sachs

A

hexosaminosidase A on chrom 15 - buildup of GM2 ganglioside

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19
Q

Gaucher

A

Beta-glucocerebrosidase on chrom 1 - buildup of glucocerebroside

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20
Q

Neimann Pick

A

syphingomyelinase gene on chrom 11

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21
Q

Krabbe

A

AR deficiency of galactosylceramidase –> shunted to production of galactosylsphingosine = cytotoxic

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22
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

AR deficiency in arylsulfatase A – sulfatide accumulation

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23
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

X linked - mutations in ABCD1 - peroxisome

perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates

24
Q

Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic’s)

A

bilateral optic neuritis and spinal cord demyelination

Abs against AQP4

25
Q

Concentric Sclerosis of Balo

A

borderline form of MS - primary progressive with better prognosis

26
Q

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

A

increased lipid-laden macrophages
all lesions are similar - monophonic
1-2 weeks after measles, mumps, flu; post rabies or smallpox vaccine
perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates with demyelination
gray/white junction

27
Q

central pontine myelinolysis

A

rapid correction of hyponatremia

rapid increase in extracellular tonicity draws water out of cells

28
Q

most common places for atherosclerotic plaque?

A

MCA, basilar

29
Q

hypertension affects?

A

BG, pons, cerebellum

30
Q

Lipohyalinosis

A

macrophages invade wall of artery (result of HTN)

31
Q

Hypertensive Vascular changes lead to what?

A

Charcot Bouchard Aneurysms - intracerebral hemorrhages

32
Q

Saccular Aneurysm

A

MCA &ICA, ACommA
most common cause of SA hemorrhage
Absene of SM, IEL

33
Q

Fusiform Aneurysm

A

tortuous BASILAR artery, advanced atherosclerosis, RARELY RUPTURE

34
Q

AV Malformation

A

posterior branches of MCA

seizures (no capillary in middle)

35
Q

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

A

hemorrhage into SUBCORTICAL WHITE matter - lobar hemorrhages

36
Q

Embolic Stroke

A

hemorrhagic

37
Q

Thrombotic STROKE

A

pale - thrombus keeps reforming

38
Q

reperfusion looks like what?

A

punctate hemorrhages

39
Q

bone marrow embolization?

A

widespread white matter hemorrhages

40
Q

loss of chr 22

A

meningiomas, schwannomas

41
Q

loss of chr 10

A

glioblastomas

42
Q

endometrial polyp

A

responds to estrogen, not progesterone - Tamoxifen association

43
Q

endometrial hyperplasia

A

increase in glands rleative to storm secondary to estrogen - PTEN tumor suppressor gene

44
Q

most common female genital cancer in USA?

A

endometrial adenocarcinoma - presents with post-menopausal bleeding

45
Q

endometrial adenocarcinoma type I

A 
60 yo
associated w/ hyperplasia (unopposed estrogen) - well differentiated 
more solid = WORSE prognosis
PTEN, KRAS, microsatellite instability
direct extension, lymphatics
46
Q

endometrial adenocarcinoma type II

A

older
endometrial ATROPHY
serous, clear cell - poorly differentiated
p53 - intraperitoneal metastasis

47
Q

endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

stroma in MYOMETRIUM

cleft around tumor

48
Q

Leiomyoma Locations

A
  1. Submucosal - bleeding
  2. Intramural - asymptomatic
  3. Subserosal - may undergo torsion
49
Q

leiomyosarcoma mets?

A

hematogenous - lung, bone, brain

50
Q

vulva SCC

A
  1. basaloid/warty - HPV - classic VIN

2. keratinizing - HPV NEGATIVE - VIN simplex

51
Q

Paget’s

A

CK
CEA
EMA
PAS

52
Q

Melanoma

A

melan A

S100

53
Q

Follicular Cyst

A

lined by GRANULOSA cells - can produce estrogens

54
Q

PCOS

A

increased risk of endometrial carcinoma and breast cancer

theca interna hyperplasia

55
Q

Call Exner Bodies

A

coffee bean nuclei in granulosa cell tumors

56
Q

Granulosa Cell Tumor

A

inhibin positive

L2 (15 decks)

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