Kaplan Ch 8: Immune System

Question 1

Innate Immunity (General)

Answer 1

defenses that are always active against infection but lack the ability to target specific invaders over others. Also called non-specific immunity

Question 2

Adaptive Immunity (General)

Answer 2

defenses that target a specific pathogen. Slower to act than the innate system but can remember an infection and react faster next time

Question 3

Composition of the innate immune system

Answer 3

dendritic cells 
monocyte, (matures into) macrophage
neutrophil 
cytokines and other inflammatory proteins
antimicrobial molecules

Question 4

Composition of the acquired immune system

Answer 4

B-Cells

T-Cells

Question 5

Where are leukocytes produced?

Answer 5

the bone marrow, through hematopoiesis

Question 6

Where do B-Cells mature? Where are they activated?

Answer 6

Mature: Bone- formed and make a bunch of different combinations
Activated: the spleen and lymph nodes. B-Cells are activated and become plasma cells which secrete antibodies

Question 7

where do T-Cells mature?

Answer 7

the thymus

Question 8

Lymph Nodes

Answer 8

a place for immune cells to communicate and mount an attack.

Question 9

Structures of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Answer 9

tonsils
adenoids
Peyer’s patch in the small intestine
appendix

Question 10

examples of granulocytes

Answer 10

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 11

Examples of agranulocytes

Answer 11

B-Cells
T-Cells
monocytes (become macrophages)

Question 12

humoral immunity

Answer 12

driven by the B-cells and antibodies

Question 13

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 13

provided by the T cells

Question 14

defensins

Answer 14

antibacterial enzymes found in the skin

Question 15

lysozyme

Answer 15

nonspecific antibacterial enzyme secreted in tears and saliva

Question 16

two ways in which the digestive system controls infections

Answer 16

stomach acid

gut flora

Question 17

complement

Answer 17

punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria making them osmotically unstable
activated through a classical pathway (antibody binds to pathogen) or an alternate pathway which does not require antibodies.

Question 18

interferons

Answer 18

proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion by decreasing production of viral and cellular proteins and decreasing the permeability of cells

Question 19

Function of the macrophage

Answer 19

• agranulocyte
• Releases cytokines stimulating inflammation and recruiting more immune cells to the area
• become activated when bacteria enters the tissue. Does 3 things:
  1. phagocytizes the invader through endocytosis
  2. digests the invader using enzymes
  3. presents little pieces of the invader to other cells using MHC

Question 20

cells which display MHCI

Answer 20

all nucleated cells

Question 21

cells which display MHCII

Answer 21

displayed by macrophages, dendritic cells in the skin, some B cells, and certain activated epithelial cells

Question 22

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Answer 22

able to recognize the category of invader allowing for the production of proper cytokines to recruit the right kinds of immune cells

Question 23

natural killer cells

Answer 23

non-specific lymphocyte

detect the down-regulation of MHC in virally infected cells and induces apoptosis

Question 24

Neutrophils

Answer 24

• granulocyte
• target bacteria
• phagocytic: detect bacteria once they have been opsonized
• follow bacteria using chemotaxis (actin)
• collections of dead neutrophils form pus

Question 25

Eosinophils

Answer 25

primarily involved in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections
release large amounts of histamine resulting in vasodilation and leaky vessels allowing more immune cells to the site of infection

Question 26

Inflammation is particularly useful against what types of pathogens?

Answer 26

extracellular pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites aka they don’t invade the cells directly

Question 27

basophils

Answer 27

involved in allergic responses

release large amounts of histamine

Question 28

mast cells

Answer 28

closely related to basophils

release large amounts of histamine

Question 29

three possibly reactions of circulating antibodies

Answer 29

1. opsonization: once bound to a specific antigen they recruit leukocytes to phagocytize those antigens
2. agglutination: form large insoluble complexes that can be phagocytized
3. block the ability of a pathogen to invade tissues essentially neutralizing it

Question 30

possibly outcomes for a naive B cell

Answer 30

waiting in the thymus, naive cells are exposed to an antigen. They proliferate to form plasma cells or memory cells

Question 31

Three types of T-Cells and their basic function

Answer 31

helper T-Cells (CD4+) recruit immune cells and increase their activity
Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+) directly kill infected cells by injecting them with toxic chemicals to promote apoptosis
Regulatory or Suppressor T-Cells (Treg) tone down the immune response once infection has been adequately contained

Question 32

two types of helper T-Cells and their mechanism

Answer 32

Th1: release interferon gamma which activates macrophages and increases their ability to kill bacteria
Th2: help activate B-Cells, more common in parasitic infections

Question 33

active immunity

Answer 33

immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies

Question 34

passive immunity

Answer 34

results from the passive transfer of antibodies to an individual

Question 35

Positive and Negative selection in the thymus

Answer 35

selection of T-Cells
+: T cells that can ID MCHI + antigen survive
-: T cells that ID self antigen as foreign are killed