Digestive, Excretory, and Other Systems Flashcards
Where is lipase released from?
The pancreas
Where is bile synthesized and stored?
bile is synthesized in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Role of glucagon
raise blood glucose levels by increasing gluconeogenesis in the liver, stimulating fatty acid breakdown in adipocytes
When are ketone bodies found in the body?
when plasma glucose is extremely low. Ketone bodies are made as a last ditch effort when energy sources in the body are insufficient.
Role of insulin on glycolysis in the liver
increases glycolysis when plasma glucose is uptaken by cells.
zymogen
an inactive substance that is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme
Gastrin
secreted by ‘G’ cells in the lining of the stomach and upper small intestine. During a meal, gastrin stimulates the stomach to release gastric acid.
Three principal proteases of the digestive system
trypsin (trypsinogen in the pancreas, Rn-1 cuts at Arg and Lys) pepsin (from pepsinogen in the stomach, Rn cuts at Leu, Phe, Tyr, and Trp) chymotrypsin (chymotrypsinogen in the pancreas, Rn-1 cuts at Phe, Trp, and Tyr
Cell types of the nephron
PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct
Proximal convoluted tubule: simple tall cuboidal epithelium, with a brush border (microvilli)
Loop of Henle: thick and thin descending portion, a thin and thick ascending portion. The lumen is made up of simple squamous epithelium.
Distal Convoluted tubule: simple cuboidal with very few microvilli
Collecting duct (technically not part of the nephron): cuboidal or columnaar cells
Functions of the parts of the kidney
(glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, descending and ascending loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct)
function of the loop of henle
form a solute gradient in the medulla of the kidney, allowing for the later movement of water through channels in the collecting duct.
Renin-Angiotensin System
Regulates blood volume using renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone.
LH/FSH Pathway
Steps of a muscle contraction
slow oxidative fibers
many mitochondria
abundant myoglobin (red color)
resistant to fatigue
slow to contract (low myosin ATPase activity)
found in muscles important for posture
