Kant

Question 1

Kant

Answer 1

• Lived in his village in Prussia his whole life
• Became and influential political thinker later in life

Question 2

Main Project

Answer 2

• Trying to understand how we know things
• Reasoning will always be limited by our cognition

Question 3

Theoretical Cognitive Strucutre

Answer 3

• How we know things
• Understanding communication
• How we should act in the world universally

Question 4

Political/Practical Right

Answer 4

• Informed by morality
• Set laws according to universality

Question 5

Morality

Answer 5

• Has to be chosen because an act is good in itself
• If we act out of fear we are never free

Question 6

Freedom

Answer 6

• Free if we can follow rational laws about morality
• Like R

Question 7

Categorical Imperative

Answer 7

• Moral excersie inspired by political execution of government
• Universal Law Formulation
• Formulation of Humanity as own Ends
• Kingdom of Ends

Question 8

Universal Law Formulation

Answer 8

• Act according to what you would will for others as universal law
• Lying violates this as we wouldn’t want to live in a world where lying was a universal law

Question 9

Formulation of Humanity as own Ends

Answer 9

• Can’t treat others as means to realize our own ends
• Equality basically

Question 10

Kingdom of Ends

Answer 10

• Laws that are the product of the collective
• Harmonizing people’s wills (free and rational)

Question 11

International Right

Answer 11

• Political understanding comes from morality so this is non-negotiable

Question 12

Principles of Right

Answer 12

• All members of the state are free
• All are equal as state subjects
• All citizens must be recognized as being autonomous

Question 13

Rebuplican Contraction

Answer 13

• Relationship between states

Question 14

Perpetual Peace

Answer 14

• Terrified of choas revolutions create
• Kant wrote this during the French Revolution

Question 15

Opening

Answer 15

• Showing that philisohpical ideals and political possibilities are aligned

Question 16

6 Articles

Answer 16

• Outline rules for international relations
• 1, 5, and 6 are most important

Question 17

Article 1

Answer 17

• Peace treaties can’t be used to defer conflict

Question 18

Article 2

Answer 18

• States can’t be acquired
• Can’t treat them as means for your ends
• All states must be treated as ends
• Hard to enforce under colonialism

Question 19

Article 3

Answer 19

• All standing armies will be abolished
• Having them implies future conflict

Question 20

Article 4

Answer 20

• No national debts in connection to foreign affairs
• Creates inequality on the global stage

Question 21

Article 5

Answer 21

• No states can use force to get involved in other states
• That is political paternalism
• Undermines equality

Question 22

Political Paternalism

Answer 22

• Orienting to other states as if you are superior

Question 23

Article 6

Answer 23

• No state is to engage in actions that could hinder future peace

Question 24

Definitive Article 1 (PP)

Answer 24

• All states are republics as long as the people control the legislative
• Executive can be whatever

Question 25

Definitive Article 2 (PP)

Answer 25

• For perpetual peace to work, there needs to be a federation of states
• E.g. the UN
• States will join out of self-interest

Question 26

Definitive Article 3 (PP)

Answer 26

• Universal hospitality and world citizenship
• States have to accept asylum seekers if they are in danger at home
• Visitor, can be kicked out when threat is gone
• Guest, is to be integrated, no obligation here

Question 27

Supposition 1

Answer 27

• Naturally asocial
• Reason propels us to get over it and ally with others
• Applies to states