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Ethics > Jus ad bellum > Flashcards

Jus ad bellum Flashcards

1
Q

List the 7 jus ad bellum criteria

A
  • Just cause
  • Just authority
  • Just intention
  • Proportionality
  • Last resort
  • Likelihood of success
  • Comparative justice
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2
Q

What does just cause mean?

A

War should be waged for the right reason

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3
Q

What does just authority mean?

A

War must be declared by the right authority

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4
Q

What does just intention mean?

A

War should be waged with the right attitude

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5
Q

What does proportionality mean?

A

War, as a response to injustice, should be proportionate to the original injustice

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6
Q

What does last resort mean?

A

War should only be waged after solutions to the crisis have failed

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7
Q

What does likelihood of success mean?

A

There has to be a reasonable chance that the intended outcomes will be achieved

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8
Q

What does comparative justice mean?

A

Both sides of the conflict must be fairly considered

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9
Q

How did Augustine define a just cause?

A

One that avenges wrongs, punishes a nation or state that won’t stop mistreating its subjects, or restoring something that has been seized unjustly

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10
Q

How did Aquinas define a just cause?

A

One that is in response to some fault on the behalf of those who will be attacked

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11
Q

List the issues with the idea of just cause

A
  • The notion is open and inclusive and people can have different opinions of what justifies war (Vardy)
  • It could lead to the sometimes incorrect assumption that the defender is always right and the aggressor is always wrong
  • It isn’t clear whether it is okay to intervene on behalf of another
  • Wars are too complex to be assessed in this war because there are complex, overlapping causes (McMahon)
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12
Q

What two modern developments have led Shue to think that the idea of a just cause is outdated?

A
  • Humanitarian military intervention - It is sometimes write to intervene to protect someone who is unable to protect themselves
  • Preventative wars - To protect yourself from an anticipated attack
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13
Q

Give an example of a preventative war

A

When the UK and US attacked Iraq over fears about WMDs

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14
Q

Give an example of a war with a just cause

A

A war waged because numerous civilians have been attacked or killed in that country

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15
Q

Why does Aquinas argue wars should be just authority instead of inidividuals?

A

Because individuals can go to court if they have been wronged

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16
Q

What does Aquinas say about the powers of the government to declare war?

A

Just as they can take action against internal disturbances so too can they do this against external disturbances

17
Q

Give an example of a war declared by a just authority

A

A war declared by the government

18
Q

What is the problem with the idea of just authority?

A

People have different ideas of what constitutes a just authority. Many in the West consider it to be the UN while in the Islamic concept of Jihad this is considered to be religious leaders

19
Q

How does Aquinas define just intention?

A

The advancement of good or the avoidance of evil

20
Q

How does Augustine define the wrong intention?

A

Inflicting harm, revenge, revolt, lust for power and things like this

21
Q

What is the difference between just cause and just intention?

A

A state could wage a war for just cause but if they are doing it with the intention of seeking revenge rather than bettering the situation it would be wrong

22
Q

Give an example of a war waged with a just intention

A

A war waged with the desire of bringing about justice or peace

23
Q

Why does Vardy take issue with the idea of just intention?

A

Points towards when Italy invaded Ethiopia for the purposes of converting them to Christianity. This is seen as wrong today, thus proving that the idea of a just intention is culturally relative

24
Q

Give an example of a war that is proportional

A

Invading another country in response to repeated bombing

25
Q

Why is proportionality seen as important?

A

Because it attempts to stop unnecessary violence

26
Q

Give an exception to the idea of proportionality

A

The US using disproportionate force against Japan was arguably the reason for the end of WWII

27
Q

Why is war the least desirable solution to a conflict?

A

Because of the pain and suffering involved

28
Q

Give an example of war being a last resort

A

War taking place after negotiations and sanctions have failed

29
Q

How does CAJ Coady criticise the idea of a last resort?

A
  • You can never exhaust every option because some will be too absurd
  • Sometimes exhausting all options could delay necessary intervention
  • Talks have multiple stages so deciding when they have broken down is subjective
30
Q

Give an example of a war following likelihood of success

A

Waging a war against a country that has a smaller or less able army

31
Q

Why is likelihood of success important?

A

Because a war that will not achieve its intended outcomes is pointless and will result in unnecessary suffering and damage

32
Q

List the 4 main flaws with the idea of likelihood of success

A
  • This could lead to the build up of forces in preparation, making wars more damaging when they do occur (Vardy)
  • Wars are complex so it is difficult to predict the outcome
  • Smaller or weaker countries would never get to wage a war no matter how justifiable
  • There could be desperate circumstances where one must act against the odds (Coady)
33
Q

Why is comparative justice important?

A

Because if both sides try to see the war from the others’ point of view, it might make one side see that the war is unjust

34
Q

Give an example of a war that follows comparative justice

A

Understanding the view of the opposition and still feeling justifies in going to war

35
Q

What are Vardy’s two main issues with the idea of comparative justice?

A
  • Both sides always have some form of justification and this would make all wars just
  • Countries are often unable to see the point of view of the opposition and this is why wars occur in the first place

Ethics (29 decks)

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