Journal 1-6 Flashcards
What is the primary difference between speech and language?
Speech is the physical act of producing sounds, while language is a system of symbols and rules used for communication.
True or False: Speech and language are the same concepts.
False
Fill in the blank: Language involves the use of ________ for communication.
symbols
Which of the following is a component of language? A) Phonetics B) Syntax C) Articulation
B) Syntax
Short answer: How do speech and language work together in communication?
Speech provides the audible expression of language, allowing individuals to convey thoughts and ideas effectively.
What is articulation?
The way speech sounds are said/produced
What is an articulation disorder?
Having trouble with the production of sounds
What is phonetics?
The study of the sounds we make, how they are made, and how they are organized to make words
What is phonology?
The study of the various rules for sound production and word structure of those sounds
What is a phonological disorder?
A deficit or struggle with the rules of sound combinations and linguistic/phonological rules
What are phonemes?
Sounds; vowels and consonants
What is speech?
Speech is the oral or spoken way to communicate or express yourself
What is language?
A shared, understood system of symbols that a community shares, allowing for collective communication
What is articulation disorder?
An articulation disorder involves difficulty in physically producing sounds correctly.
True or False: Phonological disorder is related to the understanding of sound patterns in a language.
True
Fill in the blank: An individual with _______ may substitute, omit, or distort sounds in speech.
articulation disorder
What is the primary difference between articulation and phonological disorders?
Articulation disorders focus on the physical production of sounds, while phonological disorders involve the rules and patterns of sound use.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common characteristic of phonological disorders? A) Difficulty with sound production B) Consistent mispronunciation of specific sounds C) Inconsistent sound errors D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What is a common age range for children to develop articulation skills?
Typically by age 7.
True or False: Articulation disorders can only be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist.
True
Fill in the blank: Phonological disorders often involve problems with _______ rather than the physical ability to produce speech sounds.
language rules
What are some common treatment approaches for articulation disorders?
Articulation therapy, speech drills, and auditory discrimination activities.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of articulation error? A) Substitution B) Omission C) Addition D) Intonation
D) Intonation
What is backing?
Front sounds are replaced with back sounds
What is fronting?
Back sounds are replaced with front sounds
What is gliding?
Replacing a liquid with a glide
What is stopping?
Replacing a fricative or affricate with a stop
What is vowelization?
Replacing a consonant sound with a vowel sound
What is affrication?
Replacing a non-affricate with an affricate
What is deaffrication?
Replacing an affricate with a fricative or a stop
What is reduplication?
Repetition of a syllable
What is cluster reduction?
Reducing a group of consonants to a single consonant
What is final consonant deletion?
Omission of the final consonant in a word
What is initial consonant deletion?
Omission of the initial consonant in a word
What is weak syllable deletion?
Deletion of the weak syllable in a word
What is epenthesis?
Adding a schwa sound between two consonants
What are the movable articulators?
Mandible, tongue, lips, and velum
What are the immovable articulators?
Hard palate, alveolar ridge, and teeth
Define alveolar ridge
The area behind the teeth that’s important in the production of a lot of consonants (when the tongue makes contact with it)
Define consonant
A phoneme that is produced with some degree of constriction
Define vowel
A phoneme that is produced with little to no constriction in the vocal tract
Define distinctive features
Features that are used to describe the phonemes of a language
Define IPA
International phonetic alphabet: the alphabet of the different sounds used in a language, represented with various symbols
Define immovable articulators
Structurs that aid in the structure and production of phonemes by providing a place of articulation for the movable articulators
Define movable articulators
Structures that aid in the shaping and production of phonemes by movement towards an immovable articulator
Define allophone
The different ways a sound can be said without changing the original meaning of the word
Define sonorant
The sound produced faces little to no constriction in the vocal tract, so the resonant qualities occur throughout the vocal tract
Define velopharyngeal closure
The closing off of the nasal passages from the other resonant cavities (necessary for the production of non-nasal sounds and for swallowing)
What are the two main categories of vocal development according to Oller’s classification system?
Pre-linguistic and linguistic vocalizations.
True or False: Oller’s classification system includes a stage called ‘cooing’.
True.
Fill in the blank: The first stage of Oller’s vocal development classification is called __________.
reflexive vocalizations.
What is the primary focus of Oller’s classification system?
To categorize the different stages of vocal development in infants.
Which stage in Oller’s classification is characterized by the production of repetitive consonant-vowel combinations?
Babbling stage.
What is independent analysis?
An inventory made without considering accuracy as compared to adult forms
What is relational analysis?
An inventory made with/by comparison to adult forms of langauge
What are some things that can cause differing reports?
- Procedure method
- Children’s familiarity with the vocabulary used
- Differing ideas on when mastery is achieved (some say 75%, others 100%)
- Individual factors such as age, gender, SES, language development, IQ, etc.
Speech sound disorder vs. speech sound difference
- Speech sound disorder: speech errors made due to articulatory or phonological issues
- Speech sound difference: variations in production, such as dialectical differences, that do not indicate a disorder and do not impair communication
What does an SLP need to know to distinguish a sound difference from a disorder?
- The patient’s first language
- How this language may manifest in a second language (differences that won’t indicate an issue)
- Some knowledge of the sound system and rules of the primary language
What are some examples of screening strategies?
- Conversation with the patient, asking them questions, etc.
- Standardized assessments
- Speech sampling
- Parent/teacher reports
How is screening related to comprehensive assessment?
Screening is the first step taken to determine if a child will need a more comprehensive assessment. It is designed to be a quick yes/no check of speech and language skills to figure out if a comprehensive assessment is needed.
What are the main goals of assessment of speech sound production?
Developing a diagnosis (determining areas of strength and weakness), and based on the diagnosis, forming a treatment plan that informs the team of the best method of intervention for the individual.
What will a comprehensive assessment likely include?
- Records review
- Case history
- Interviews (parent/caregiver/teacher)
- Hearing screening
- Oral structure and function assessment
- Standardized tests
- Spontaneous speech sampling
What should be addressed in a case history?
- Personal information
- Referral source
- Age at certain developmental milestones
- Communication issues/questions
- Number of languages spoken
- Relevant biological information (infections/illnesses/pregnancy/overall health)
- Medications/hospitalizations
- Educational achievement
- Relevant patterns/habits
When is phonological process analysis used?
When a phonological process should not be appearing anymore
What are some more informal measures of assessment and analysis?
- Speech sampling (often a better representation of a child’s speech)
- Activities/questions that will elicit certain responses
- Stimulability testing
What is the goal of an oral structure and function assessment?
To know whether or not the structures/functions of the speech mechanism are working properly and whether they allow for adequate speech production or if they are impeding the child’s language growth
