Consonants & vowels (kill me) Flashcards
What are consonants?
Sounds produced with some degree of constriction in the pharyngeal and/or oral cavities during production
How many consonant phonemes are there in English?
24
What are obstruents?
Consonants in which the sound source occurs because air flows through a point of constriction, creating turbulence
What is place of articulation?
The location along the vocal tract where the sound is made
What is manner of articulation?
How the sound is made (an obstruent or sonorant)
What are the bilabial phonemes?
p, b, m, w
What are the labiodental phonemes?
f, v
What are the interdental phonemes?
th, th
What are the alveolar phonemes?
t, d, n, s, z, l
What are the palatal phonemes?
sh, ch, zh, juh, r, j
What are the velar phonemes?
k, g, ng
What are the glottal phonemes?
h
What are the stops?
p, b, t, d, k, g
What are the fricatives?
sh, th, th, s, z, f, v, zh, h
What are the affricates?
juh, ch
What are the nasals?
m, n, ng
What are the liquids?
l, r
What are the glides?
w, j
What is a distinctive feature?
An acoustic or articulatory characteristic used to describe phonemes
What are the major class features?
Major class features define different production characteristics that differentiate the basic sound categories
- vocalic
- consonantal
- sonorant
What are vocalic sounds?
Sounds produced with minimal vocal tract and oral cavity constriction
- vowels
- liquids
What are consonantal sounds?
Sounds produced with a high degree of oral cavity constriction
- everything but the vowels and w, j, and h (so stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and nasals)
What are sonorant sounds?
Sounds produced as a result of an open vocal tract in which the airstream flows unobstructed through the oral and nasal cavities
- vowels
- nasals
- liquids
- glides
What are cavity features?
Cavity features define the positions of the active and passive articulators involved in producing the sounds
- coronal
- anterior
- nasal
- lateral
- high
- low
- back
- round
What are coronal sounds?
Sounds produced with the blade of the tongue raised above the neutral position
- t, d,
- fricatives
- affricates
- n
- liquids
What are anterior sounds?
Sounds produced with the point of constriction near the front of the oral cavity
- p, b, t, d
- f, v, s, z, th (th)
- m, n
- l
What are nasal sounds?
Sounds produced with a relatively open nasal passageway (resulting in resonance in the nasal cavity)
- nasals
What are lateral sounds?
Sounds produced with the tip of the tongue on the alveolar ridge and the lateral margins of the tongue lowered
- l
What are high sounds?
Sounds produced with the tongue elevated above the neutral position in the oral cavity
- k, g
- sh, ch, zh, juh
- ng
- w, j
- i, I, o, U
What are low sounds?
Sounds produced with the tongue lower than the neutral position in the oral cavity
- l
- ae, a, ah
What are back sounds?
Sounds produced with the tongue retracted from the neutral position
- k, g
- ng
- w
- a, ah, o, U, u, uh
What are round sounds?
Sounds produced by rounding the lips
- w
- ah, o, U, u, er
What are manner of production/articulation features?
They refer to the way that the articulators are utilized to modify the airstream during speech sound production
- continuant
- delayed release
- tense
What are continuant sounds?
Sounds produced when the articulators do not create a complete constriction at the point of articulation
- fricatives
- liquids
- glides
- vowels
What are delayed release sounds?
Sounds produced with an initial obstruction at the point of articulation in the oral cavity, followed by a slow release of the airstream
- affricates
What are tense sounds?
Sounds produced with a greater degree of muscular effort or tension (particularly at the base of the tongue), and increased pressure of the expiratory airstream
- p, t, k
- i, e, a, o, u
What are source features?
The characteristics of the sound heard when the speech sound is produced
- voiced
- strident
What are strident sounds?
Harsh sounds produced when the airstream is forced through a narrow point of constriction
- fricatives (minus h, th)
- affricates
What are vowels?
Sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract
What is tongue advancement?
The position of the tongue from front to back
What is the vowel quadrilateral used for?
It is used to illustrate the position of the tongue within the oral cavity during vowel production
In diphthongs, what are the first and second vowels known as?
- First vowel: onglide
- Second vowel: offglide
Production of diphthongs is characterized by what?
By movement of the articulators from the first vowel to the second vowel
