Ch4 Flashcards
What is phonological development?
Speech sound acquisition
The acquisition of the skills for accurate production of speech sounds as well as the rules for using speech sounds to convey meaning
Behaviorist model of speech sound acquisition/phonological development
- Proposes that speech and language are learned verbal behaviors
- Reinforcement
- Limitation: the vast knowledge and skill required for effective verbal expression cannot be solely accounted for in the response-contingency sequence
What do linguistic models of speech sound acquisition/phonological development emphasize?
They emphasize the function of sounds and sound patterns, and patterns of sound changes in a language
What are the two major groups of the linguistic model?
Linear and nonlinear theories
What do linear theories emphasize?
They emphasize that the segmental properties or features of phonemes are independent of each other and may be combined with other segments
What does distinctive feature analysis compare?
The target sound to the error substitution
What does generative phonology do?
It builds on the distinctive feature theories through closer examination of two levels of sound realizations - phonemic and phonetic
What is phonological representation?
How phonemes are stored and organized
What are the five sets of distinctive features?
Major class features, cavity features, manner of articulation features, source features, and prosody features
What is naturalness?
It refers to two characteristics of sounds, the simplicity or production and relative high frequency of occurrence in languages
What is markedness?
It refers to sounds that are more difficult to produce and occur less frequently in languages
What does natural phonology suggest?
It suggests that children have adult-like underlying representations but do not have the phonetic representations for accurate production (therefore they apply phonological processes as a means of simplifying the surface-level representation to match their current motor skills)
What are phonological processes?
An innate, universal set of natural simplification rules that are easier for a child to produce and are applied to sounds, sound classes, or sound realization
What assumption is the natural phonology theory based on?
This theory is based on the assumption that children perceive sound segments and words in the same way that adults do
What do nonlinear theories emphasize?
They emphasize the role of a set of more complex linguistic dimensions on phonological development
What are the two main tiers in nonlinear theories?
Prosodic and segmental tiers
What is a prosodic tier?
Emphasizes the words and the structure of the word
What are the three tiers within the prosodic tier?
- Word tier: represents the word
- Foot tier: represents the syllable structure of the word
- Onset-rime tier - including the notation for strong and weak syllables - the syllable tier
- Skeletal tier: represents the individual speech sounds for the word
What is an onset?
A consonant that occurs before the peak
What is a coda?
A consonant that occurs after the peak
Closed vs. open syllables
- Closed syllables: syllables with a coda
- Open syllables: syllables without a coda
What defines the segmental tier?
It features the segments of words, and the features of these speech sounds
What is the segmental tier represented by?
Three nodes
- Root node
- Laryngeal node
- Place node
What is the root node?
It represents a differentiation between major phoneme classes according to the manner of production features
What is the laryngeal node?
It features the characteristics of voicing that serve to differentiate vowels in addition to voiced vs. voiceless consonants
What is the place node?
It features the place of articulation within the oral cavity for the phoneme segments
What is the autosegmental theory?
- It attempts to address the limitations of generative theory by incorporating prosodic features and tonal languages
- It emphasizes the higher level importance of tones above the phonemes in creating different word meanings
- Accounts for features that influence beyond the boundaries of the phoneme (feature spreading)
What does feature geometry do?
It examines the hierarchy of features to the segmental level
What are the articulators used in the feature geometry hierarchy?
- Glottis
- Soft palate
- Lips
- Blade of the tongue
- Body of the tongue
- Root of the tongue
What is psycholinguistics?
A discipline within psychology that focuses on explaining human linguistic behavior
Prelinguistic stage
- Prelinguistic (0-12 months)
-Speech perception - High amplitude sucking method
- Visually reinforced head-turn method
Speech production - Reflexive vocalizations
- Nonreflexive vocalizations
What are protowords?
Invented words that mean something concrete and are used consistently to refer to an object, but are not like the adult model
What are true words?
A stable phonetic form, similar to the adult word form, that is used consistently by the child
What are progressive idioms?
Words that have an advanced pronunciation in comparison to the child’s current phonological system
What are regressive idioms?
Unchanged pronunciation of a word despite having more advanced phonological skills
What are the three categories of phonological development?
- Syllable structure
- Substitution
- Assimilation
Phonological vs. phonemic awareness
- Phonological awareness: knowledge of speech represented by words
- Phonemic awareness: knowledge that phonemes create words
