joints pt. b

Question 1

Types of synovial joints

Answer 1

• synovial joints divided into 6 sub-categories on type of movement
  1. plane (gliding): nonaxial movement
  2. hinge joints: uniaxial
  ex: intercarpal/intertarsal, elbow/interphalangeal joints for both 1 + 2

3. pivot joints: uniaxial
4. condylar (ellipsoid) joints: biaxial
   ex: prox radioulnar/atlantoaxial joint, wrist/metacarpophalangeal joint
5. saddle joints: biaxial
6. Ball and socket joints: multiaxial
   ex: carpometacarpal joint of thumb, hip/shoulder joint

Question 2

3 structural classes

Answer 2

1. Fibrous
   - suture, syndesmosis, gomophosis
   - skull, distal tib-fib, tooth
2. cartilaginous
   - synchondrosis, symphyses
   - epiphyseal plate, pubic symphysis
3. synovial (diarthroses)
   - plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball + socket
   - intercarpsal/intertarsal, elbow/interphalangeal, prox radial-ulnar/atlas-axis, metacarpophalangeal, carpometacarpal of thumb, shoulder + hip

Question 3

Knee joint

Answer 3

• largest + most complex joint in body
• modified hinge joint: primary movement is uniaxial hinge movement
• 3 joints within single synovial cavity (tibiofemoral - laterally, tibiofemoral - medially, patellofemoral joint)
• allows flexion, extension, slight medial + lateral rotation in a flex position

Question 4

Ligaments stabilizing knee joint

Answer 4

1. capsular + extracapsular ligaments
   - help prevent hyperextension of knee
   - fibular + tibial collateral ligaments
   - oblique popliteal ligament
   - arcuate popliteal ligament
2. Intracapsular ligaments
   - prevent anterior-posterior diplacement
   - reside outside synovial cavity
   - anterior cruciate ligament: attaches to anterior tibia
   - posterior cruciate ligament: attaches to posterior tibia

Question 5

Knee joint injuries

Answer 5

• absorbs great vertical force
• vulnerable to horizontal blows, especially laterally blows to extended knee
• 3 C’s
• collateral ligament
• cruciate ligament
• cartilages

Question 6

Shoulder joint

Answer 6

• glenohumeral joint
• ball and socket joint
• allows flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction
• most freely movable joint
• rotator cuff muscles help stabilize joint

1. Reinforcing ligaments
   - primarily on anterior aspect
   - coracohumeral ligament: helps support weight of upper limb
   - 3 glenohumeral ligaments: weak + absent sometimes

Question 7

Elbow joint

Answer 7

Hinge joint
- primarily trochlear notch of ulna w/ trochlea of humerus
- allows flexion, extension of forearm

Question 8

Hip joint

Answer 8

• ball and socket joint
• allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, lateral + medial rotation of thigh

reinforcing ligaments:
- iliofemoral ligament
- pubofemoral ligament
-ischiofemoral ligament