CHAP 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
study of structure
Gross/macroscopic
regional, surface, systemic anatomy
Microscopic
cytology, histology
developmental
growth, embryological
Physiology
study of function and subdivisions based on organ system
Principle of complementarity
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
Function reflects structure
What a structure does depends on its specific form
What is the level of organization?
Atoms < Molecule < Organelle < Tissue < Organ
Integumentary system
Forms external body protections
Hair, Skin, nails
Skeletal system
protects and supports organs and provides framework that muscles use for movement.
bones and joints
Muscular system
allows manipulation of environment locomotion and facial expression
Maintains posture and produces heat
Skeletal muscles
Nervous system
Responds to internal and external changes via activation of glands
Brain, nerves, spinal cord
Endocrine system
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
thyroid, pituitary, ovary, testis, adrenal, pancreas
Cardiovascular system
blood vessels transport blood that carries oxygen, co2, nutrients, and waste.
Heart, blood vessels
Lymphatic system/immunity
Deals with leaked blood, gets rid of debris, houses white blood cells, immune system mounts attack against foreign substances.
Lymphatic vessels, thymus, red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
Respiratory system
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes co2. gaseous exchange with air sacs in lungs
nasal cavity, lungs, trachea, bronchus
Digestive system
Breaks down absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible eliminated as feces.
Rectum, anus, stomach, small/large intestine, esophagus, oral cavity, liver
Urinary system
eliminates nitrogenous waste from body. regulate water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of blood.
kidney, urinary bladder, urethra
Male reproductive system
production of offspring. testis produce sperm, male sex hormone, made ducts and glands to aid sperm to female tract
prostate gland, penis, testis, ductus deferens
Female reproductive system
ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. sites for fertilization and development of fetus. mammary glands for breast milk development
mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina
What are the 8 basic life functions?
- Maintain boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
What are the 5 survival needs?
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temp
- Stable atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis and homeostatic regulation
Stable internal environment
regulation of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
Negative feedback and examples
PRIMARY mechanisms of homeostatic regulation
Long term control over body’s internal systems
Receptor stimulation triggers response that changes environment at the receptor
Control center activated effector that’s NEGATES original stimulus
Ex: Body temperature and blood volume
Positive feedback
Accelerates a process to completion
Initial stimulus produces a response that enhances change in original
Under dangerous situations that need to be completed quickly
Ex: labor contractions by oxytocin
platelet plug formation and blood clotting
Vasodilation
WIDENING of blood vessels
vessels DILATE and warm blood flows closer to SURFACE and LOSES heat
Sweating happens if it isn’t enough and evaporation of water from the skin has COOLING effect
Vasoconstriction
NARROWING of blood vessels which will RETAIN warm blood deeper in body to reduce heat loss.
Shivering happens if it isn’t enough so the muscle tremors generate heat
Blood clotting
POS FEEDBACK
1. Break/tear occurs in blood vessel wall and positive feedback initiated
2. platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
3. Released chemicals attract more platelets
4. Feedback cycle ends when platelet plug forms
Name for above and below
Superior and inferior
Name for front and back
Ventral and dorsal
Toward front and back
Anterior and posterior
Close and far from point of origin
Proximal and distal
What is in the axial positions
Head, neck, trunk
What is in appendicular position
Limbs
What plane goes right to left
Frontal plane
What plane goes up and down
Horizontal transverse plane
What plane goes front to back (vertical)
Sagittal plane or median plane
What is in the dorsal cavity
Cranial and Vertebral
What is in the ventral cavity
Thoracic and abdominopelvic
What is serous membrane (serosa)
Double layered
Parietal: lines body cavity walls
Visceral: covers organs in cavity
Serous fluid; secreted by both membranes
- provides lubrication
- reduces friction
