CHAP 2 Flashcards
What are the states of matter and define them?
Solid - definite shape and volume
Liquid - definite volume, changeable shape
Gas - changeable shape and volume
What is energy? Define two
Capacity to do work/put matter into motion
Types: Kinetic - Energy in action
Potential - stored (inactive) energy
Chemical energy
Stored in binds of chemical substances (ATP)
Electrical energy
results from movement of charged particles (action potential)
Mechanical energy
directly involved in moving matter (mm)
Radiant/electromagnetic energy
exhibits wavelike properties (visible light/UV/and X-rays)
Atom
smallest stable unit of matter
Protons
have a positive electrical charge
Neutrons
electrically neutral which means they are uncharged
electrons
much smaller and bear negative electrical charge
Atomic number
number of protons
Mass number
total number of protons and neutrons
Element
pure substance containing only atoms of the same atomic number
Isotopes
atoms of a single element with differing numbers of neutrons
What are the major elements in the body?
Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen
Element
substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means; pure substance containing atoms of the same atomic number
Radioisotopes
For biological research and medicine (nuclear medicine - PET scans, contrast MRI)
Causes damage to living tissues:
Useful against localized cancers
Molecule
two or more atoms bonded together (water)
Compound
two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together (glucose)
What are the 3 types of mixtures? Define them
Solutions: homogenous, transparent
- solvent: present in greatest amt (liquid)
- solute: present in smaller amts
Colloids: heterogenous translucent
- large solute particles DONT settle out
- sol gel
- scatter light
Suspensions: heterogenous translucent
- large visible solutes tend to SETTLE out
What are mixtures?
No chemical bonding, can be separated physically, and heterogenous/homogenous
What are compound?
Separated only by breaking bonds, all homogenous
What are the types of chemical bonds? Define them.
Ionic - electrons transfer from one atom to another
Covalent - electrons are shared
Hydrogen - weaker bonds, more like attractions
What are the two types of ionic bonds?
Anions: negative charge and GAINS electrons
Cations: positive charge and LOST electrons
What is covalent bonds?
Formed by sharing two/more valence shell electrons
Single covalent
Double covalent
Single: formation of 4 SINGLE covalent bonds (CH4)
Double: two oxygen shares two electron pairs (O2)
Hydrogen bond
Electro positive hydrogen of one and electronegative of another
(water - cohesive)
pos end of water aligned with neg end of another water
Chemical reactions and 3 types of it
When chemical bonds are formed/rearranged/broken
Synthesis (combination)
decomposition
exchange
Synthesis reaction
combination reaction that always involve BOND FORMATION
Anabolic (building up)
smaller particles bond to form larger molecules
A+B-> AB
Decomposition reaction
Reverse synthesis reactions
involve breaking of bonds
catabolic (downward)
larger breaks down into smaller
AB -> A+B
Exchange reactions
displacement reactions where bonds are BOTH made/broken
AB+C->AC+B
Inorganic compounds
Water, salts, acids and bases
DO NOT CONTAIN CARBON
Organic compound
Carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acid
CONTAIN CARBON usually large and covalently bond
What is water and its 5 properties?
60-80 percent of living cells
inorganic compound
1. High heat capacity: absorbs and releases heat with little temp change and prevents suddenly changes in temp
2. High heat of vaporization: evaporation needs large amts of heat and useful for cooling mechanism
3. Polar solvent properties: universal solvent, dissolves and dissociates ionic substances, form hydration layers around charged molecules and body’s major transport medium
4. Reactivity: necessary for hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reaction
5. Cushioning: protects certain organs from physical trauma
What are salts?
INORGANIC
Ionic compounds dissociate in water
Contains cations and anions
electrolytes that conduct electrical currents
Ions that play roles in body function (sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron)
Acids and bases
Both are electrolytes
Acids: proton donors and release H+
- contains H+ and increase it increases acidity
Bases: proton acceptors and take up H+
- alkaline base and decrease H+ will increase alkalinity
what are organic compounds
many are polymers which are chains of similar units
synthesized by dehydration synthesis
broken down by hydrolysis reactions
carbohydrates and theirs 3 classes and what elements they contain
sugars and starches
contains C H O
3 classes
monosaccharides: simple sugars - glucose
disaccharides - double sugars - sucrose
polysaccharides - polymers of sugars - glycogen
what are carbohydrates
functions ad major source of cellular fuel and structural molecules
stores glucose in liver and MM as glycogen
what are lipids
contains C H O and sometimes P
insoluble in water
main types
1. triglycerides - energy, protection, insulation
2. phospholipids - cell membrane
3. steroids - cholesterol and hormones
4. eicosanoids - local hormones
fatty acids
saturated have single bonds and max number of H with solid animal fats
unsaturated have one/more double bonds and reduced H like plant oils
proteins
all cell functions performed by proteins
most abundant ORGANIC
functions: body support, metabolic regulation, movement, coordination, transport, defense, buffering
polymers of aa (20 types) joined by peptide bonds
dehydration synthesis
acid group of a amino acid bonded to amine group of next with LOSS of water
hydrolysis
peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when WATER ADDS
what are fibrous proteins
STRUCTURAL
strand like, water insoluble; stable
keratin, collagen, contractile fibers
what are globular proteins
FUNCTIONAL
compact, spherical, water soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes
antibodies, hormones, enzymes
nucleic acids and what is the building blocks?
DNA, RNA
building block = nucleotide, N containing base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group
DNA - the bases and what is it?
4 bases: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
double stranded
instructions for protein synthesis
replicates before cell division ensuring genetic community
RNA - bases and the 3 types of RNA and what is it?
4 bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
single stranded molecule active outside nucleus
3 varieties of RNA carry out DNA orders for protein synthesis: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA
