Joints/ Locomotion

Question 1

what is the movement of horses dependent on

Answer 1

-contracting of muscles
-corresponding articulation of joint

Question 2

how many joints are in the front legs and what are they

Answer 2

(8)
-shoulder
-fetlock
-elbow
-pastern
-carpals
-coffin

Question 3

how many joints are in the hind legs and what are they

Answer 3

(13)
-sacroliac
-hock
-coffin
-hip
-fetlock
-stifle
-pastern

Question 4

bones meet at joints do what two functions

Answer 4

unite bones
allow free movement

Question 5

what are the three different types of joints

Answer 5

fibrous (fixed)
cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
snovial (freely moveable)

Question 6

what are fibrous joints

Answer 6

bones that are united by connective tissue (skull joint)

Question 7

what are synovial joints

Answer 7

space around joint is delicate connective tissue (synovial membrane)

Question 8

how does cartilage change with age

Answer 8

turn yellowish with age which indicates loss of elasticity

Question 9

what is synovial membrane

Answer 9

completes the lining of the joint

Question 10

what are the main functions of synovial membrane

Answer 10

1. protect the joint
2. produces the lubricant part of the synovial fluid

Question 11

what do ligaments do

Answer 11

attach bone to bone

Question 12

what are the types of ligaments

Answer 12

1. intra articular
2. collateral
3. annular
4. check

Question 13

what are intr articular ligaments

Answer 13

within the bone

Question 14

what are collateral ligaments

Answer 14

on the side

Question 15

what are annular ligaments

Answer 15

surround the joint, fibers are circular

Question 16

what are check ligaments

Answer 16

fail safe

Question 17

what are the 7 joint movement types

Answer 17

1. gliding/sliding/swinging
   2.flexion
2. extension
3. adduction/abduction
   5.hyperextension
   6.rotation
4. circumduction

Question 18

what is flexion

Answer 18

decrease of the angle of the joint

Question 19

what is extension

Answer 19

increase of the angle of the joint

Question 20

what is adduction

Answer 20

carries moving parts TOWARD the median plane

Question 21

what is abduction

Answer 21

carries the moving parts AWAY from the median plane

Question 22

what is hyperextension

Answer 22

joint overextends past the normal range of motion

Question 23

what is an example of hyperextension

Answer 23

dorsiflexion of fetlock

Question 24

what is rotation

Answer 24

movement in either direction on its own axis (neck)

Question 25

what is circumduction

Answer 25

distal end of leg (lower end of leg) creates a circle

Question 26

what are examples of circumduction

Answer 26

paddeling, winging

Question 27

what are the 4 things that can limit movement in joint

Answer 27

1. shape of the joint surfaces
2. extra capsular ligaments
3. extra joint surfaces
4. tension in muscles

Question 28

what is a hinge joint

Answer 28

joint surface shaped like a segment of a cylinder and the other carved out to fit it

Question 29

what are examples of hinge joints

Answer 29

fetlock and elbow

Question 30

what are plane joints

Answer 30

2 flat joint surfaces

Question 31

what are examples of plane joint

Answer 31

inter-carpal joint

Question 32

what are pivot joints

Answer 32

movement occurs around one axis

Question 33

what are examples of a pivot joint

Answer 33

atlas, axis

Question 34

what are ball and socket joints

Answer 34

joint with greatest versatility of movement

Question 35

what are examples of ball and socket joints

Answer 35

hip joint

Question 36

what are condylar joints

Answer 36

formed by two knuckle shaped ends

Question 37

what are examples of condylar joints

Answer 37

stifle

Question 38

what are ellipsodial joint

Answer 38

2 planes at right angle to each other

Question 39

what are examples of ellipsoidal joint

Answer 39

antebrachiocarpal joint